tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-90216041235225984662024-03-14T14:29:51.511+08:00ISLAMIC SCIENCESANAD TH KHUSUS
(student and alumnus department of tafsir hadis khusus makassar)sanad th khusushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10983250755337733917noreply@blogger.comBlogger136125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9021604123522598466.post-84283651075191434132015-05-06T11:50:00.001+08:002017-02-02T11:13:46.599+08:00Alquran dan Kebenaran Ilmiah<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-fmqsKh0Di2Y/VUmOz73NqoI/AAAAAAAAAEI/qG9rLcmL24I/s1600/IMG_1076.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-fmqsKh0Di2Y/VUmOz73NqoI/AAAAAAAAAEI/qG9rLcmL24I/s1600/IMG_1076.JPG" width="213"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dr. Abdul Gaffar, S. Th.I, M. Th.I</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br>
<br>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Latar Belakang Masalah</span>
<br>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ilmu dibangun di atas tiga landasan; ontologis,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>epistemologis dan aksiologis. Secara
ontologis ilmu dibangun berdasarkan konstruksi ilmu pengetahuan keyakinan
filosofis tentang (hakikat ) realitas. Secara epistemologis ilmu dibangun atas
dasar metodologi yang diturunkan dari hakikat realitas yang diyakini
kebenarannya, sedangkan secara aksiologis ilmu dikembangkan untuk memenuhi tujuan
etis sesuai dengan hakikat kebenarannya yang diyakininya.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
Konsep realitas sangat
mempengaruhi epistemologi. Bagi Mayoritas ilmuwan dan pemikir dalam peradaban
Barat modern, yang diakui sebagai realitas adalah terbatas kepada apa yang
dapat disaksikan oleh panca indera atau yang dapat disahkan oleh metode empiris
sehingga terjadi terjadi penyempitan realitas objek yang dapat diketahui oleh
manusia dan wilayah realitas subyek yang mengetahui.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new arabic" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
Keraguan menyangkut panca indra
memang wajar tetapi ia tidak harus selalu diragukan. Dia memang tidak jarang
keliru apalagi tidak semua objek dapat menjadi sasarannya. Kebenaran yang
diperoleh secara mendalam berdasarkan proses penelitian dan penalaran logika
ilmiah terhadap realitas objek dapat ditemukan dan diuji dengan pendekatan
pragmatis, koresponden, koheren dan wahyu.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sementara untuk </span>membahas hubungan antara al-Qur’an dan ilmu
pengetahuan bukan dengan melihat, misalnya, adakah teori relativitas atau
bahasan tentang angkasa luar, ilmu komputer tercantum dalam al-Qur’an, akan
tetapi yang lebih utama adalah melihat adakah jiwa ayat-ayatnya menghalangi
kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan atau sebaliknya, serta adakah satu ayat al-Qur’an
yang bertentangan dengan hasil penemuan ilmiah yang telah mapan?.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new arabic" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
</div>
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Di sisi lain, dalam al-Qur’an
tersimpul ayat-ayat yang menganjurkan untuk mempergunakan akal pikiran dalam
mencapai hasil. Allah berfirman: <i>Katakanlah hai Muhammad: "Aku hanya
menganjurkan kepadanya satu hal saja, yaitu berdirilah karena Allah berdua-dua
atau bersendiri-sendiri, kemudian berpikirlah</i><b>.</b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new arabic" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
Demikianlah al-Qur’an telah membentuk satu iklim baru yang dapat mengembangkan
akal pikiran manusia, serta menyingkirkan hal-hal yang dapat menghalangi
kemajuannya.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new arabic" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rumusan Masalah </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Berdasarkan latar belakang masalah yang telah dipaparkan di atas,
dapat ditarik rumusan masalah sebagai berikut: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Apa pengertian epistemologi dan
kebenaran ilmiah?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bagaimana epistemologi kebenaran
pengetahuan dalam al-Qur’an?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bagaimana hubungan antara al-Qur’an
dan kebenaran ilmiah? </span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><br>
<a href="http://sanadthkhusus.blogspot.com/2015/05/alquran-dan-kebenaran-ilmiah.html#more">SELENGKAPNYA===>>></a>sanad th khusushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10983250755337733917noreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9021604123522598466.post-22087577952379711422014-11-22T18:57:00.002+08:002014-11-22T18:57:42.168+08:00HUKUM MENUNTUT ILMU<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Fauziah Ahmad, S.Th.I., M. Th.I.</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></b></b></div>
<b>
</b><br>
<br>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">BAB I</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="SV-FI" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV-FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Latar Belakang Masalah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Sebelum menerapkan hadis Nabi, terlebih dahulu harus
dipahami bagaimana konsep hadis tersebut baik dari segi matan maupun sanadnya,
karena tanpa memahaminya dengan baik hal tersebut akan menimbulkan penerapan
yang kurang tepat bahkan dapat terjadi kesalahan. Hal yang paling urgen yang
harus diperhatikan adalah ketika melihat faktor-faktor yang melatar belakangi
hadis serta sejalan dengan petunjuk al-Quran dan kondisi masyarakat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada saat itu sehingga hadis tidak lepas
peranannya sebagai salah satu sumber ajaran Islam. Untuk dapat memahami
kualitas sebuah hadis diperlukan metode krtik (<i>naqd</i>). </span><span lang="SV-FI" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV-FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kritik hadis (<i>naqd al-hadis</i>) merupakan inti
dari kajian-kajian dalam ilmu hadis. Sebab dengan kritik hadis dapat diketahui
mana hadis yang shahih dan mana hadis yang tidak sahih dan berikutnya hadis
yang sahih dijadikan hujjah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sedangkan
hadis yang tidak sahih tidak dijadikan hujjah.</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="SV-FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV-FI;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="SV-FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV-FI; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="SV-FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV-FI;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Salah satu
hadis yang perlu dikaji adalah hadis tentang hukum menuntut ilmu. Hadis ini
sangat populer di masyarakat, namun meskipun demikian tetap dilakukan kritik
untuk menguji validitasnya. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Kemajuan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>seseorang dapat dilihat dari perkembangan ilmu yang dimilikinya.
Al-Qur’an dan hadis memerintahkan manusia untuk berilmu. Manusia mencari ilmu
untuk mendapatkan kebenaran dan hal tersebut wajib dilakukannya meskipun
melalui jalan dan perjuangan yang panjang serta penuh kesungguhan.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
Oleh karena itu, hadis yang akan dikaji adalah hadis dengan lafal </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt;">طلب
العلم فريضة على كل مسلم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> . </span></div>
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<span lang="SV-FI" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV-FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penelitian terhadap keorisinilan dan kevalidan suatu hadis dengan
melalui tinjauan metode kritik hadis tidaklah berarti meragukan otoritas Nabi
Muhammad dalam posisinya sebagai mubayyin ataupun menunjukkan sikap keraguan
pada apa yang diucapkan dan dilaksanakannya, akan tetapi merupakan suatu usaha
untuk menghindari munculnya penerapan hadis yang telah dipalsukan dengan
berbagai kepentingan pada awal perkembangan Islam. Oleh karena itu, pembahasan
mengenai hal ini sangat penting untuk dikaji, agar hadis nabi betul-betul dapat
dipertanggung jawabkan kevalidannya serta menjadi <i>rahmatan li
al-’a>lami>n</i> bagi semua makhluk. </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="SV-FI" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV-FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Rumusan Masalah</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Berdasarkan </span><span lang="SV-FI" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV-FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">penjelasan</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> dalam latar belakang di atas, dapat dibuat rumusan
masalah pokok bagaimana status hadis tentang azan terhadap anak yang dilahirkan
dengan sub-sub masalah sebagai berikut:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Bagaimana <i>takhri>j </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hadis
yang menjadi objek kajian?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Bagaimana hasil kritik dan status hadis tentang hukum menuntut ilmu? </span></div>
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;">
</span></b>
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<a href="http://sanadthkhusus.blogspot.com/2014/11/hukum-menuntut-ilmu.html#more">SELENGKAPNYA===>>></a>sanad th khusushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10983250755337733917noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9021604123522598466.post-49210210310779102172014-11-22T18:41:00.000+08:002014-11-22T18:41:34.797+08:00AZAN TERHADAP ANAK YANG DILAHIRKAN<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/--8Vbk3TIpHM/VHBnzVNpdaI/AAAAAAAAADY/PkRYxN_zdZw/s1600/IMG_6682.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/--8Vbk3TIpHM/VHBnzVNpdaI/AAAAAAAAADY/PkRYxN_zdZw/s1600/IMG_6682.JPG" height="213" width="320"></a></b></div>
<br>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Abdul Gaffar, S. Th.I., M.Th.I. </span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">BAB I</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Latar
Belakang Masalah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span lang="SV-FI" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV-FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Hadis Nabi merupakan sumber ajaran Islam sesudah kitab
suci al-Qur’an. Hadis adalah ucapan, perbuatan dan taqrir Nabi saw. yang mana
dalam risalah Islam merupakan teladan yang wajib diikuti dan memiliki otoritas
tersendiri yang wajib ditaati umat Islam seperti halnya al-Qur’an. </span><b><span lang="SV-FI" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV-FI;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span lang="SV-FI" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV-FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Hadis sendiri dalam sejarahnya merupakan sebuah
informasi akan tuntunan Rasulullah saw. Namun demikian terdapat perbedaan yang
sangat mendasar antara al-Qur’an dengan hadis baik pada tingkat kepastian teks
(<i>qath`i al-wurud</i>) maupun pada taraf kepastian argumen (<i>qath`i al-dila>lah</i>).
Dilihat dari periwayatannya, al-Qur’an semua periwayatan ayat-ayatnya
berlangsung secara <i>mutawa>tir</i>, sedangkan untuk hadis Nabi sebagian
periwayatannya berlangsung secara <i>mutawa>tir</i> dan sebagian lagi
berlangsung secara <i>a>h{a>d</i>.</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV-FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="SV-FI" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV-FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span lang="SV-FI" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV-FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Dalam perjalanannya, hadis telah banyak mengalami
cobaan dan rintangan. Di antaranya adalah hadis terlambat dibukukan selama satu
abad lebih bila dibandingkan al-Qur’an.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="SV-FI" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV-FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dalam jarak waktu antara periode Nabi dan kodifikasi hadis Nabi yang begitu
panjang terjadi berbagai hal yang dapat menjadikan riwayat hadis itu menyalahi
apa yang sebenarnya berasal dari Nabi.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="SV-FI" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV-FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dengan banyaknya hadis-hadis yang beredar, hadis dihadapkan pada fakta tidak
adanya jaminan otentik yang secara eksplisit menjamin kepastian teks,
sebagaimana yang dimiliki al-Qur’an. </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span lang="SV-FI" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV-FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Untuk memisahkan keduanya, para ahli mengembangkan
berbagai metode penelitian, membuat istilah dan melakukan kritik. Ilmu kritik
dikembangkan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui dengan pasti otentitas suatu
riwayat dan untuk menetapkan validitasnya dalam rangka memantapkan suatu
riwayat. Masalah kritik hadis (<i>naqd al-hadi</i></span><i><span lang="SV-FI" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV-FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">></span></i><i><span lang="SV-FI" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV-FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">s</span></i><i><span lang="SV-FI" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV-FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">\</span></i><span lang="SV-FI" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV-FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">) merupakan inti dari kajian-kajian dalam ilmu hadis.
Sebab dengan kritik hadis da</span><span lang="SV-FI" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV-FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pat diketahui mana hadis <i>s}</i></span><i><span lang="SV-FI" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV-FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">ah</span></i><i><span lang="SV-FI" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV-FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">}</span></i><i><span lang="SV-FI" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV-FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">ih</span></i><i><span lang="SV-FI" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV-FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">}</span></i><span lang="SV-FI" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV-FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> dan mana hadis </span><span lang="SV-FI" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV-FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tidak <i>s}</i></span><i><span lang="SV-FI" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV-FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">ah</span></i><i><span lang="SV-FI" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV-FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">}</span></i><i><span lang="SV-FI" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV-FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">ih</span></i><i><span lang="SV-FI" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV-FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">}</span></i><span lang="SV-FI" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV-FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="SV-FI" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV-FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a> </span><b><span lang="SV-FI" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV-FI;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span lang="SV-FI" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV-FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Kritik hadis mencakup dua aspek, yaitu sanad dan matan
hadis. Dalam sejarahnya, kritik matan hadis muncul lebih awal daripada kritik
sanad. Kritik matan sudah ada pada zaman nabi, sementara kritik sanad baru
muncul setelah terjadinya fitnah dikalangan umat Islam yaitu perpecahan
dikalangan mereka menyusul terbunuhnya khalifah Utsman Ibn Affan.</span><span lang="SV-FI" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV-FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span lang="SV-FI" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV-FI;">Untuk menguji dan meningkatkan kemampuan dalam
melakukan kritik hadis, dibuat beberapa instrumen dengan berusaha meneliti
hadis-hadis yang masyhur di tengah-tengah masyarakat, padahal sering dinilai
lemah, bahkan palsu. Salah satu hadis yang sangat populer di tengah-tengah
masyarakat adalah azan di telinga kanan dan iqamat di telinga kiri pada saat
bayi dilahirkan. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rumusan Masalah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Berdasarkan
penjelasan dalam latar belakang di atas, dapat dibuat rumusan masalah sebagai
berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Apa
saja langkah-langkah dalam melakukan kritik hadis? </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bagaimana
status hadis yang menjadi objek kajian?</span></div>
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b><a href="http://sanadthkhusus.blogspot.com/2014/11/azan-terhadap-anak-yang-dilahirkan.html#more">SELENGKAPNYA===>>></a>sanad th khusushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10983250755337733917noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9021604123522598466.post-91828106362431786542014-11-22T18:28:00.000+08:002014-11-22T18:28:21.053+08:00AL-JUMU’AH HAJJ AL-MASAKIN<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Ustas: Muhammad Agus, S.Th.I,. M. Th.I. </div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB I</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar Belakang</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Budaya pikir dan sikap kritis dalam pandangan Islam
merupakan suatu keharusan. Di samping banyak dalil -baik al-Qur’an maupun
hadis- yang mengingatkan manusia akan pentingnya mengoptimalkan akal, juga
budaya kritik ini memiliki ragam fungsi. Dalam ilmu ia berfungsi menghidupkan,
yakni dalam kerangka menguji validitas suatu ilmu, dan dalam budaya ia bisa
melabrak stagnasi sehingga bisa memunculkan suatu fenomena baru yang
mencerminkan suatu kebudayaan yang maju dan dinamis.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hanya saja perlu dilihat bahwa agama memang membuka pintu
pikir dan kritis secara lebar tapi bukan berarti bebas tanpa tanggung jawab.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
Bahkan berpikir kritis dikategorikan sebagai cara manusia untuk menemukan
kebenaran. Oleh karena itu, Allah mengecam keras orang-orang yang hanya
berpikir atau mengkritisi namun bukan untuk mencari kebenaran melainkan untuk
kepentingan yang bertentangan dengan kebenaran itu.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apabila tujuan dari sikap kritis adalah seperti itu –untuk
mencapai kebenaran- maka ini dapat dipahami bahwa mengkritisi sesuatu bukan
–selamanya- berarti sesuatu itu diragukan melainkan terkadang kritikan tersebut
didasari oleh upaya untuk memantapkan kebenaran yang dimilikinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Demikian pula dengan hadis Rasulullah saw, di mana dalam
sejarah penulisan dan pembukuannya mengalami banyak tantangan dan hambatan
termasuk di antaranya adalah merebaknya hadis-hadis palsu yang dinisbatkan
kepada Rasulullah sehingga melahirkan “beribu-ribu” tanda tanya akan kevalidan
dan keabsahan sebuah riwayat. Oleh karena itulah, kritik dan penelitian hadis
sangat penting untuk dilakukan. Hanya saja, penelitian tersebut tidak berarti
meragukan hadis Nabi Muhammad saw., tetapi melihat keterbatasan perawi hadis
sebagai manusia biasa, yang adakalanya melakukan kesalahan, baik karena lupa
maupun karena didorong oleh kepentingan tertentu. Keberadaan perawi hadis
sangat menentukan kualitas hadis, baik kualitas sanad maupun matannya.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
Bahkan hadis bila diibaratkan dengan sebuah mutiara, apabila ia memang benar
dan betul-betul mutiara maka semakin digosok, ia akan semakin berkilau. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berbicara mengenai penelitian dan kritik hadis setidaknya
obyek kajiannya dapat dibagi dua, yaitu: pertama, rangkaian terhadap sejumlah
periwayat yang menyampaikan riwayat hadis (<i>sanad al-h{adi>s\|</i>). <i>Kedua</i>,
materi hadis itu sendiri (<i>matn al-hadi>s\</i>). Penelitian terhadap kedua
obyek tersebut sangat berpengaruh kepada kualitas suatu hadis. Apatah lagi
memang, kesahihan hadis tidak hanya diukur dari sanadnya atau matannya saja
melainkan keduanya harus jalan bersamaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kritik sanad<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
dan kritik matan ibarat dua sisi mata uang, sehingga tidak bisa dipisahkan,
meskipun bisa dibedakan, sebab sesuatu disebut hadis jika terdiri dari sanad
dan matan. Karena itulah –sekali lagi- penelitian terhadap hadis, tidak boleh
hanya bertumpu pada sanadnya saja atau pada matannya saja, akan tetapi keduanya
harus jalan “berbarengan” sehingga seseorang dapat bersikap proporsional dengan
meletakkan hadis pada tempatnya sebagai sumber kedua setelah al-Qur’an.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sikap ini harus dipertegas karena sebuah penelitian hadis
yang hanya menekankan pada aspek sanadnya semata maka akan berakhir pada
kelompok ekstrim yang cenderung bersikap <i>sanad-oriented</i>, yakni kualitas
sebuah hadis (<i>maqbu>l</i> dan <i>mardu>d</i>-nya) ditentukan oleh
kualitas sanadnya. Jika berdasarkan penelitian sanad, hadis itu dapat diterima,
maka mereka akan menerimanya. Selanjutnya jika mereka menemukan redaksi yang
ganjil berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip pokok Islam, maka mereka akan menggunakan
takwil<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>,
meski terkadang takwil tersebut terkesan dipaksakan. Sikap inilah yang
dikritisi oleh Syeikh Muhammad al-Ghazali dalam kitabnya <i>al-Sunnah
al-Nabawiyah baina Ahl al-Fiqh wa Ahl al-H{adi>s{ </i>karena dengan
penelitian yang cermat dengan tidak hanya bertumpu pada kritik sanad semata
ternyata ditemukan ada beberapa hadis yang dari segi sanadnya dinilai shahih
tetapi dilihat dari segi matan tidak sejalan dengan prinsip-prinsip dasar
Islam. Akibatnya, terkadang pemahaman-pemahaman yang telah mapan harus runtuh
berdasarkan kajian dengan dasar kritik matan itu.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebaliknya, penelitian hadis yang hanya bertumpu pada kritik
matan saja juga akan berakhir pada sikap <i>matan-oriented</i>, yakni diterima
dan tidaknya suatu hadis hanya ditentukan oleh kualitas matannya. Sehingga jika
mereka menemukan matan yang menurut mereka tidak sejalan dengan pemahaman
keagamaan, mereka akan menolaknya. Akibatnya, tidak sedikit hadis yang dari
segi sanadnya bernilai shahih terpaksa ditolak. Padahal dengan takwil yang
wajar dan tidak dipaksakan, sebetulnya hadis itu bisa diterima.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kekhawatiran munculnya kedua sikap ekstrim tersebut, di
samping upaya menjaga kemurnian dan keotentikan hadis Rasulullah maka para ulama
menetapkan beberapa kaidah dasar yang bisa dijadikan acuan dalam penelitian
hadis, baik dari aspek sanadnya maupun dari aspek matannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagai wujud penerapan usaha menjaga validitas sebuah
hadis, maka makalah ini akan berbicara tentang apa dan bagaimana kritik hadis
tersebut khususnya pada sebuah riwayat yang disandarkan kepada nabi yang
berbunyi <i>al-jumu’ah hajj al-masa>ki>n.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rumusan
Masalah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan latar
belakang di atas serta tema kajian makalah ini yang berbicara tentang kritik
hadis <i>al-jumu’ah h}ajj al-masa>ki>n</i> maka pembahasan pokoknya akan
terfokus pada rumusan masalah sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana
Takhrij al-Hadis <i>al-Jumu’ah H{ajj al-Masa>ki>n</i> ?</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana
I’tibar al-Hadis <i>al-Jumu’ah H{ajj al-Masa>ki>n </i>?</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana
Kualitas Hadis <i>al-Jumu’ah H{{ajj al-Masa>ki>n</i> Baik Sanad
Maupun Matannya? </span></li>
</ol>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br></div>
<a href="http://sanadthkhusus.blogspot.com/2014/11/al-jumuah-hajj-al-masakin.html#more">SELENGKAPNYA===>>></a>sanad th khusushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10983250755337733917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9021604123522598466.post-42878107294396132752014-04-01T17:08:00.000+08:002014-04-01T17:08:25.854+08:00APLIKASI HADIS MAUDHU'I<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dy2c7431N_w/UzqBuZnnqgI/AAAAAAAAAC0/ZfTcxazXvhs/s1600/IMG_5599.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dy2c7431N_w/UzqBuZnnqgI/AAAAAAAAAC0/ZfTcxazXvhs/s1600/IMG_5599.JPG" height="213" width="320"></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
oleh : Abdu Gaffar M.T.h.i</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<b>BAB I</b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<b>PENDAHULUAN</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Latar Belakang Masalah</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
Al-Qur’an dan al-Hadis merupakan dua sumber pokok ajaran Islam yang
datang secara universal dan berangsur-angsur. Ajaran-ajaran keduanya sangat
erat kaitannya dengan kondisi dan situasi kemunculannya, sehingga dalam
memahami al-Qur’an dan al-Hadis membutuhkan pemahaman secara komprehensif.
Salah satu metode yang ditempuh dalam memahami keduanya adalah metode tematik. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
Meskipun keduanya menjadi sumber utama ajaran Islam dan sama-sama
membutuhkan metode tematik dalam memahaminya, akan tetapi menurut penulis, yang
sangat perlu dapat perhatian dengan metode tematik ini adalah al-Hadis. Salah
satu alasannya karena al-Hadis tidak semuanya qath’i al-wurud (falid dari
Rasulullah).<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
Oleh karena itu, dibutuhkan <i>takhrij al-Hadis</i> (pembuktian kefalidan) dan
pemahaman yamg mendalam dengan menggunakan berbagai pendekatan, baik secara
tekstual, interteks maupun kontekstual. Disamping itu, al-Hadis maudhu’i
berguna untuk memperoleh sebuah kesimpulan dan pemahaman yang komperehensif,
baik yang terkait dengan definisi, maksud dan hukum yang dikandungnya. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";">Untuk mengetahui aplikasi
metode maud}u>’i<, ditetapkanlah judul sebagai sarana penerapan metode
tersebut dalam masalah ini adalah gibah dimana banyak media atau alat yang
dapat menimbulkan permusuhan di kalangan manusia salah satunya adalah lidah,
sebab lidah dapat menguak hal-hal yang seharusnya ditutupi dan lidah pulalah
yang banyak menelorkan tabiat atau perangai yang tidak terpuji sehingga Nabi
sudah mewanti-wanti dengan bersabda: </span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">المسلم من سلم المسلمون من لسانه ويده والمهاجر من هجر ما نهى الله
عنه</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";">Terjamahannya: “Orang Islam
sejati adalah orang Islam yang mampu menjadikan orang lain aman dari lidah dan
tangannya”. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";">Gibah adalah
menceritakan seseorang dengan sesuatu yang tidak disukainya sehingga ia merupakan
sifat yang tercela dan dilarang oleh agama berdasarkan al-Qur’an dan Hadis Nabi<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
karena mengandung bahaya besar, baik individu maupun masyarakat. Di antara
dampak negatif gibah pada individu adalah melukai hati seseorang sehingga dapat
menimbulkan permusuhan. Sementara dampak negatifnya untuk masyarakat adalah mengacaukan
hubungan kekeluargaan, persaudaraan dan kemasyarakatan serta menimbulkan saling
curiga-mencurigai.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";">Namun dalam
kehidupan masyarakat, banyak ditemukan model gibah akan tetapi dianggap oleh
masyarakat bukan sebagai gibah, sebaliknya menyebutkan aib seseorang dengan
tujuan yang baik namun masyarakat menganggap sebagai pencemaran nama baik
orang. Belum lagi gibah yang terkadang tidak bisa dipisahkan dan dibedakan
dengan <i>buhtan</i> (dusta), <i>namimah</i> (adu domba) dan <i>al-ifk</i>
(desas-desus) serta masih banyak lagi sifat-sifat yang hampir mirip dengan gibah,
bahkan terkadang istilah-istilah itu tertukar satu sama lain. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";">Rumusan
Masalah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";">Berdasarkan permasalahan
yang terdapat dalam latar belakang masalah, dapat ditarik beberapa rumusan
masalah sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";">Apa
sebenarnya metode maudu>’i< dalam Hadis? </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";">Bagaimana
aplikasi metode maudu>’i< dalam Hadis? </span></li>
</ol>
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"></span></b><a href="http://sanadthkhusus.blogspot.com/2014/04/aplikasi-hadis-maudhui.html#more">SELENGKAPNYA===>>></a>sanad th khusushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10983250755337733917noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9021604123522598466.post-19861945222792190212014-01-28T08:26:00.000+08:002014-02-25T12:39:22.986+08:00TURKI USMANI<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-SSj3VCkmOKE/UwweYlV_QJI/AAAAAAAAACE/LYJGTSQi3xI/s1600/1622851_663453620360720_1881580540_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-SSj3VCkmOKE/UwweYlV_QJI/AAAAAAAAACE/LYJGTSQi3xI/s1600/1622851_663453620360720_1881580540_n.jpg" height="320" width="320"></a></div>
<br>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt 14.2pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
</div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Oleh : Muhammad Ismail, S.Th.I</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt 14.2pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt 14.2pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt 14.2pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Latar Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0cm 14.2pt 1.0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Setelah Khilafah Abbasiyah di Baghdad runtuh akibat
serangan tentara Mongol, kekuatan politik Islam mengalami kemunduran secara
drastis. Wilayah kekuasaannya tercabik-cabik dalam beberapa kerajaan kecil yang
satu sama lain bahkan saling memerangi. Beberapa peninggalan budaya dan
peradaban Islam banyak yang hancur akibat serangan bangsa Mongol itu. Namun
kemalangan tidak berhenti disitu, Timur Lenk pun menghancurkan pusat-pusat
kekuasaan Islam yang lain.<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0cm 1.0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Dalam suasana infreoritas seperti
itu, muncul kesadaran politik umat Islam secara kolektif, kesadaran kolektif
ini mengalami kemajuan dengan ditandai oleh berdirinya tiga kerajaan besar,
Usmani di Turki, Mughal di India, dan Safawi di Persia. Kerajaan U</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">smani inilah yang paling pertama
berdiri dan paling lama bertahan dibandingkan dua lainnya.<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0cm 1.0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Dalam
perjalannya, Turki Utsmani dijalankan oleh tidak kurang dari 38 sultan dengan
berbagai macam corak kepamimpinnya masing-masing. Salah satu serangan dan penaklukan
terpenting yang dilakukannya adalah penaklukan Konstantinopel. Walau demikian,
hukum sejarah sebagai <i>sunnatulla>h</i> juga belaku, bahwa masa
pertumbuhan yang diiringi dengan kejayaan-kejayaan pun akan habis dengan datang
masa kemunduran dan kehancuran.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0cm 1.0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Sehubungan
dengan hal diatas, sejarah yang ditulis didalam buku-buku sejarah Islam tentang
kerajaan Turki Utsmani di Indonesia memang sering tidak mendapatkan porsi
sebanyak yang diperoleh diperoleh Dinasti Umayyah dan Abbasiyah. Bila dilihat
dari budaya yang telah dipersembahkan dipermukaan, kerajaan Turki Utsmani
memang tidak bisa disamakan dengan kedua dinasti diatas, akan tetapi melihat
perannya dalam menangkal ekspansi dan serangan bangsa Eropa ke Timur, maka apa
yang dilakukan oleh Turki Utsmani tidaklah bisa ditinggalkan begitu saja dalam
kajian sejarah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 0cm 14.2pt 1.0cm; text-indent: -36pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">R</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">umusan</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> M</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">asalah</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">
</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0cm 14.2pt 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Berdasarkan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">uraian </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">latar belakang di atas, maka </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">penulis akan mengangkat tema pokok dalam pembahasan
makalah ini sebagai berikut :</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 0cm 14.2pt 1.0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bagaimana
asal-usul </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">terbentuknya K</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">erajaan
Turki Usmani?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 0cm 14.2pt 1.0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bagaimana
kemajuan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> dan kemunduran</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">
Kerajaan Turki Usmani? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br>
</div><a href="http://sanadthkhusus.blogspot.com/2014/01/turki-usmani-oleh-muhammad-ismail-s.html#more">SELENGKAPNYA===>>></a>sanad th khusushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10983250755337733917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9021604123522598466.post-17101768276068515802013-04-02T09:46:00.001+08:002014-11-22T18:29:32.810+08:00<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt 14.2pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt 14.2pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 7.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt 14.2pt; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Latar Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0cm 14.2pt 1.0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Setelah Khilafah Abbasiyah di Baghdad runtuh akibat
serangan tentara Mongol, kekuatan politik Islam mengalami kemunduran secara
drastis. Wilayah kekuasaannya tercabik-cabik dalam beberapa kerajaan kecil yang
satu sama lain bahkan saling memerangi. Beberapa peninggalan budaya dan
peradaban Islam banyak yang hancur akibat serangan bangsa Mongol itu. Namun
kemalangan tidak berhenti disitu, Timur Lenk pun menghancurkan pusat-pusat
kekuasaan Islam yang lain.<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0cm 1.0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Dalam suasana infreoritas seperti
itu, muncul kesadaran politik umat Islam secara kolektif, kesadaran kolektif
ini mengalami kemajuan dengan ditandai oleh berdirinya tiga kerajaan besar,
Usmani di Turki, Mughal di India, dan Safawi di Persia. Kerajaan U</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">smani inilah yang paling pertama
berdiri dan paling lama bertahan dibandingkan dua lainnya.<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0cm 1.0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Dalam
perjalannya, Turki Utsmani dijalankan oleh tidak kurang dari 38 sultan dengan
berbagai macam corak kepamimpinnya masing-masing. Salah satu serangan dan penaklukan
terpenting yang dilakukannya adalah penaklukan Konstantinopel. Walau demikian,
hukum sejarah sebagai <i>sunnatulla>h</i> juga belaku, bahwa masa
pertumbuhan yang diiringi dengan kejayaan-kejayaan pun akan habis dengan datang
masa kemunduran dan kehancuran.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0cm 1.0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Sehubungan
dengan hal diatas, sejarah yang ditulis didalam buku-buku sejarah Islam tentang
kerajaan Turki Utsmani di Indonesia memang sering tidak mendapatkan porsi
sebanyak yang diperoleh diperoleh Dinasti Umayyah dan Abbasiyah. Bila dilihat
dari budaya yang telah dipersembahkan dipermukaan, kerajaan Turki Utsmani
memang tidak bisa disamakan dengan kedua dinasti diatas, akan tetapi melihat
perannya dalam menangkal ekspansi dan serangan bangsa Eropa ke Timur, maka apa
yang dilakukan oleh Turki Utsmani tidaklah bisa ditinggalkan begitu saja dalam
kajian sejarah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 0cm 14.2pt 1.0cm; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">R</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">umusan</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> M</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">asalah</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0cm 14.2pt 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berdasarkan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">uraian </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">latar belakang di atas, maka </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">penulis akan mengangkat tema pokok dalam pembahasan
makalah ini sebagai berikut :</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 0cm 14.2pt 1.0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bagaimana
asal-usul </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">terbentuknya K</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">erajaan
Turki Usmani?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 0cm 14.2pt 1.0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bagaimana
kemajuan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> dan kemunduran</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
Kerajaan Turki Usmani? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 14.2pt 1.0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0cm 14.2pt 1.0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt 14.2pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pembentukan Kerajaan U</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">t</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">smani<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 32.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt 14.2pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Asal-usul
Terbentuknya<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt 14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kerajaan Turki Utsmani berdiri pada tahun 1281 di Asia
Kecil. Pendirinya adalah Ustman bin Ertoghril. Wilayah kekuasaannya meliputi
Asia Kecil dan daerah Trace (1354), kemudian menguasai selat Dardaneles (1361),
Casablanca (1389), lalu kemudian menaklukkan kerajaan Romawi (1453).<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt 14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kata Utsmani diambil dari nama kekek mereka yang pertama
dan pendiri kerajaan ini, yaitu Utsman bin Ertoghril bin Sulaiman Syah dari
suku Qayigh, salah satu cabang dari keturunan Oghus Turki. Sulaiman Syah dengan
1000 pengikutnya mengembara ke Anatolia dan singgah di Azerbaijan, namun
sebelum sampai ke tujuan, dia meninggal dunia. Kedudukannya digantikan oleh
puteranya yaitu Ertoghril untuk melanjutkan perjalanan sesuai tujuan semula.
Sesampai di Anatolia, mereka diterima oleh penguasa Seljuk, Sultan Alauddin
yang sedang berperang melawan kerajaan Bizantium.<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Berkat bantuan mereka,
Sultan Alauddin mendapatkan kemenangan. Atas jasa baiknya itu, Sultan Alauddin
menghadiahkan sebidang tanah di Asia Kecil yang berbatasan dengan Bizantium.
Sejak saat itu mereka terus membina wilayah barunya dan memilih kota Syukud
sebagai ibu kota.<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Selain itu, Sultan Alauddin pun memberikan wewenang kepada mereka untuk
memperluas wilayahnya dengan mengadakan ekspansi.<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt 14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ertoghril meninggal dunia pada tahun 1289 M.
Kepemimpinannya dilanjutkan oleh puteranya, Utsman. Putera Ertoghril inilah
yang dianggap sebagai pendiri kerajaan Utsmani. Utsman memerintah berkisar
antara tahun 1290 – 1326 M. Sebagaimana ayahnya, dia banyak berjasa kepada
Sultan Alauddin II dengan keberhasilannya mendududki benteng-benteng Bizantium
yang berdekatan dengan kota Broessa. Pada tahun 1300 M, bangsa Mongol menyerang
kerajaan Seljuk dan Sultan Alauddin II terbunuh. Kerajaan Seljuk Rum ini
kemudian terpecah-pecah dalam beberapa kerajaan kecil. Utsman pun menyatakan
kemerdekaan dan berkuasa penuh atas daerah
yang didudukinya. Sejak itulah kerajaan Utsmani dinyatakan berdiri.
Penguasa pertamanya adalah Utsman atau yang sering disebut dengan Utsman I.<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 32.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt 14.2pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kesultanan Turki Utsmani</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt 14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Raja-raja Turki Utsmani mendapatkan kekuasaan secara
turun temurun, walau demikian, tak ada aturan bahwa putra pertamalah yang harus
menjadi pewaris dari kekuasaan sultan terdahulu. Ada kalanya putra kedua,
ketiga yang menggantikan sultan, bahkan dalam perkembangannya, pergantian itu
juga diserahkan kepada saudara sultan dan bukan kepada anaknya.<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Dalam sejararahnya, selama
kerajaan Turki Utsmani bendiri yang hampir tujuh abad lamanya (1299/1300 – 1924
M), tidak kurang dari 38 sultan yang telah memimipin kerajaan ini.<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Berikut adalah daftar
lengkap para sultan yang telah memimpin kerajaan Utsmani yang oleh Syafiq A.
Mughni, dibagi me njadi lima periode:<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>I.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Priode pertama,
sultan-sultannya ialah <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">U</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">sman I (1299-1326 M.) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Orkhan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/ putera Ustman I </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(1326-1359 M.)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Murad I</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> / putera Orkhan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> (1359- 1389 M.) </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bayazid I</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Yildirim</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/ putera</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Murad I </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(1389-1402
M.) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>II.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Priode ke dua, sultan-sultannya ialah <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Muhammad I </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/ putera Bayazid I </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(14033-1421 M.),<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Murad II </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/ putera</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Muhammad I </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(1421-1451 M.),<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Muhammad II fat</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">h </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/ putera Murad II </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(1451-1481 M.),<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bayazid II </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/ putera</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Muhammad II</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(1481-1512
M.), <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Salim I </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/ putera</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Bayazid II </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(1512-1520
M.) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">f.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sulaeman I
Qanuni </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/ putera</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Salim I </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(1520-1566
M.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>III.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Priode ke tiga,
sultan-sultannya ialah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 93.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Salim I</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> / putera Sulaeman I</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> (1566-16</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">73</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> M.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 93.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Murad III </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/ putera</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Salim II </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(1573-1596
M.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 93.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Muhammad III </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/ putera</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Murad III </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(1596-1603
M.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 93.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ahmad I </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/ putera</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Muhammad III </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(1603-1617 M.) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 93.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mustafa I </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/ putera</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ahmad I </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(1617-1618 M.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 93.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">f.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Usman II </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/ putera</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ahmad I </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(1618-1622M.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 93.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">g.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mustafa I yang
kedua kalinya (1622-1623 M.),<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 93.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">h.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Murad I</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">V</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/ putera</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ahmad I </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(1623-1640 M.),<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 93.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">i.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ibrahim I </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/ putera</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ahmad I </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(1640-1648 M.),<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 93.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">j.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Muhammad I</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">V</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/ putera</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Ibrahim I </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(1648-1687
M.),<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 93.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">k.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sulaeman III </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/ putera</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ibrahim I </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(1687-1691 M.),<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 93.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">l.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ahmad II </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/ putera</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ibrahim I </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(1691- 1695 M.) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 93.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">m.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mustafa II </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/ putera</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Muhammad IV </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(1695-1703 M.).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>IV.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Priode ke
empat, sultan-sultannya ialah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ahmad III</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> / putera Muhammad IV</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> (1703-1730 M.), <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mahmud I </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/ putera</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Mustafa II </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(1730-1754
M.),<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Usman III </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/ putera</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Mustafa II </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(1754-1757
M.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mustafa III </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/ putera</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Ahmad III </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(1757-1774
M.),<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Abdul Hamid I </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/ putera</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Ahmad III </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(1774-1788
M.),<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">f.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Salim III </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/ putera</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mustafa III </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(1789-1807 M.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">g.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mustafa IV </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/ putera</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Abdul Hamid I </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(1807-1808 M.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">h.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mahmud II </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/ putera</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Abdul Hamid I </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(1808-1839 M.).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>V.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Priode ke lima,
sultan-sultannya ialah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level2 lfo12; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Abdul Majid I </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/ putera</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Mahmud II </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(1839-1861
M.),<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level2 lfo12; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Abdul Azis </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/ Mahmud II </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(1861-1876 M.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level2 lfo12; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Murad V </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/ putera</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Abdul Majid I </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(1876
M.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level2 lfo12; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Abdul Hamid II </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/ putera</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Abdul Majid I</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
(1876- 1909 M.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level2 lfo12; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Muhammad V </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/ putera</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Abdul Majid I</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
(1909- 1918 M.),<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level2 lfo12; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">f.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Muhammad VI </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/ putera</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Abdul Majid I</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
(1918- 1922 M.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level2 lfo12; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">g.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Abdul Majid I</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">I </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(1922- 1924 M).<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ekspansi dan
Perluasan Wilayah Turki Utsmani</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Untuk sekitar dua pertiga abad setelah didirikan di
Anatolia (Asia Kecil) pada 1300 M dengan mengorbankan kekaisaran Bizantium, dan
didirikan di atas reruntuhan kerajaan Seljuk, kerajaan Turki Utsmani hanyalah
sebuah emirat di daerah perbatasan.<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Negara ini selalu diliputi suasana peperangan dan pada
saat itu senantiasa dalam kedaan genting.<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Setelah Utsman I
mengumumkan dirinya sebagai <i>Padisyah al-Utsman</i> (raja besar keluarga
Utsman) tahun 1300 M setapak demi setapak wilayah kerajaan dapat diperluasnya.
Dia menyerang daerah perbatasan Bizantium dan menaklukkan kota Broessa tahun
1317 M, kemudian pada tahun 1326 M dijadikan sebagai ibu kota kerajaan.<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pada masa pemerintahan Orkhan, p</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">utra
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Utsman</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> pada tahun 1326-1360 M.<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Ia membentuk pasukan yang
tangguh kemudian dikenal dengan Inkisyariyah (Jannisary)<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> untuk membentengi
kekuasaanya. Basis kesatuan ini berasal dari pemuda-pemuda tawanan perang.
Kebijakan kemiliteran ini lebih dikembangkan oleh pengganti Orkhan yaitu Murad
I dengan membentuk sejumlah korps atau cabang-cabang yennisary. Pembaharuan
secara besar-besaran dalam tubuh organisasi militer oleh Orkhan dan Murad I
tidak hanya bentuk perombakan personil pemimpinnya, tetapi juga dalam
keanggotaanya. Seluruh pasukan militer dididik dan dilatih dalam asrama militer
dengan pembekalan semangat perjuangan Islam. Kekuatan militer Yennisary
berhasil mengubah Negara Usman</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
yang baru lahir ini menjadi mesin perang yang paling kuat dan memberikan
dorongan yang besar sekali bagi penaklukan negeri-negeri non Muslim.<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Pada masa Orkhan inilah dimulai usaha perluasan
wilayah yang lebih agresi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">f</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
dibanding pada masa Usman. Dengan mengandalkan jennisary, Orkhan dapat
menaklukan Azmir (Smirna) tahun 1327 M, Thawasyanly (1330 M), Uskandar (1338
M), Ankara (1354 M) dan Gallipoli (1356 M). Daerah-daerah ini merupakan bagian
benua Eropa yang pertama kali diduduki oleh kerajaan Usmani</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">,</span><a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ekspansi
yang lebih besar lagi </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">masih </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">terjadi
pada masa ini meliputi daerah Balkan, Andrinopel, M</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">ace</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">donia, Sofia (Bulgaria), dan seluruh
wilayah yunani. Andrinopel kemudian dijadikan sebagai ibu kota kerajaan yang
baru</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> karena letaknya yang
strategis.<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Setelah
Murad I tewas dalam pertempura</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
melawan pasukan Kristen, ekspansi berikutnya dilanjutkan oleh putranya Bayazid
I<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sultan Bayazid I yang naik tahta pada tahun 1389 M.
medapatkan gelar Yaldirin atau Yaldirun yang berarti kilat karena terkenal
dengan serangan-serangannya yang cepat terhadap lawan-lawannya. Dia menaklukkan
wilayah-wilayah yang belum pernah ditundukkan oleh para pendahulunya. Dimasanya
pula terjadi perang besar antara pasukan Utsmani dengan tentara sekutu Eropa
yang dimenangkan oleh pasukan Utsmani. Bayazid I tidak gentar menghadapi
pasukan sekutu dibawah anjuran Paus itu dan bahkan menghancurkan pasukan Salib.
Perang itu terjadi pada tahun 1396 M.<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Suatu
hal yang sangat disayangkan bahwa Bayazid I </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">kalah dalam pertempuran melawan Timur Lenk yang terjadi
di Ankara. Bayazid I bersama putranya, Musa dan Ertoghrol ditawan oleh Timur
Lenk, dan akhirnya Bayazid I wafat dalam tawanan pada tahun 1402 M.<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> pedapat lain mengatakan
1403 M.<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ker</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">jaan U</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">smani bangkit kembali </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">dan mencapai kegemilangannya </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">pada
masa pemerintahan Mu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">hammad</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
II. Ia digelari Al-Fatih (Sang Penakluk) karena pada masanya</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> ekspansi Islam berlangsung secara
besar-besaran. Kota penting yang berhasil ditaklukkan adalah Konstantinopel
pada tahun 1453. Dengan demikian usaha menaklukkan Islam atas kerajaan Romawi
Timur yang </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">telah berulang
kali dilakukan oleh pasukan muslim sejak masa Umayyah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
telah tercapai.<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Konstantinopel dijadikan ibu k</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">o</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">ta
kerajaan dan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">gereja Aya Sophia
yang terkenal itu dijadikan masjid</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span lang="IN">Sekalipun Konstatinopel telah jatuh di
tangan Utsmani dibawa kekuasaan Muhammad Al-Fatih, namun olerh sultan tetap diberikan
kebebasan beragama.</span></span><a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dengan terbukanya kota Konstantinopel sebagai benteng
pertahanan terkuat kerajaan Bizantium, lebih memudahkan arus ekspansi Turki
Utsmani ke benua Eropa. Dan Eropa bagian Timur semakin terancam oleh Turki
Utsmani karena ekspansi Turki Utsmani juga dilakuakn ke wilayah ini, dan bahkan
sampai ke pintu gerbang Wina, Austria.<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><span style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Setelah
Muhammad Al-Fatih meninggal, Ia digan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">ikan
Bayazid II. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Di</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">a
lebih mementingkan kehidupan tasa</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">w</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">u</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">f</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> daripada berperang. Kelemahannya di
bidang pemerintahan yang cenderung berdamai dengan musuh mengakibatkan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">di</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">a tidak ditaati oleh rakyatnya,
termasuk putra-putranya. Karena seringnya terjadi perselisihan yang panjang
antara dia dan putra-putranya, akhirnya Ia mengundurkan diri dan diganti
putranya, Salim I pada tahun 1512 M. Pada masa Sultan Salim I pada tahu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> 1517 M. Gelar Khalifah yang disandang
oleh Al-Mutawakki </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> ‘</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">alaa llah, salah
seorang keturunan Bani Abbas yang selamat dari Bangsa mongol tahun 1235 M. dan
saat itu berada dalam proteksi makhluk diambil alih oleh Sultan. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">De</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">ngan demikian pada masa Sultan Salim
ini para Sultan Usmani menyandang dua gelar, yaitu gelar Sultan dan gelar
Khalifah.<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Sehingga nama Sultan Salim pun mulai disebutkan dalam khutbah-khubah. Selain
itu ia pun dalam masa pemerintahannya selama 8 tahun menjadi penguasa dan
pelindung 2 buah kota suci yaitu Mekkah dan Madinah. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Puncak
kerajaan Turki Usmani dicapai pada masa pemerintahan Sulaeman I. Ia digelari <i>Al-Qanuni</i></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">y</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">, karena ia berhasil membuat undan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">g</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">-undan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">g</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">yang mengatur
masyarakat. Orang </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">B</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">arat
menyebunya sebagai Sulaeman yang agung,<i> the magnificien.</i>. Pada masanya</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> wilayahnya meliputi dataran Eropa
hingga Austria, Mesir dan Afrika Utara hingga ke Aljazair dan Asia hingga
Persia, serta meliputi lautan Hindia, Laut Arabia, Laut merah, Laut tengah,dan
Laut Hitam</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">, sabagaimana
pengakuannya yang terdapat dalam suratnya untuk Francis I, Raja Prancis.<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kemajuan Turki
Utsmani</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bidang Pemerintahan dan militer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Para pemimpin kerajaan Utsmani pada masa-masa pertama
adalah orang-orang yang kuat, sehingga kerajaan dapat melakukan ekspansi dengan
cepat dan luas. Meskipun demikian, kemajuan kerajaan Utsmani sehingga mencapai
masa keemasannya bukan hanya karena keunggulan politik para pemimpinnya. Masih
banyak faktor lain yang mendukung keberhasilan ekspansi itu. Yang terpenting
diantaranya adalah keberanian, keterampilan, ketangguhan dan kekuatan
militernya yang sanggup bertempur kapan dan dimana saja.<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Untuk pertama kali, kekuatan militer kerajaan ini mulai
diorganisasi dengan baik dan teratur ketika terjadi kontak senjata dengan
Eropa. Ketika itu, pasukan tempur yang besar sudah terorganisasi.
Pengorganisasian yang baik, taktik dan strategi tempur militer Utsmani
berlangsung tanpa halangan berarti. Namun tak lama setelah kemenangan tercapai,
kekuatan militer yang ini dilanda kekisruhan. Kesadaran prajuritnya menurun.
Mereka merasa dirinya sebagai pemimpin-pemimpin yang berhak menerima gaji. Akan
tetapi keadaan tersebut segera dapat diatasi oleh Orkhan dengan jalan
mengadakan perombakan besar-besaran dalam kemiliteran.<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pembaharuan dalam tubuh organisasi militer oleh Orkhan,
tidak hanya dalam bentuk mutasi personil-personil pimpinan, tetapi juga
diadakan perombakan dalam keanggotaan. Bangsa-bangsa non-Turki dimasukkan sebagai
anggota, bahkan anak-anak Kristen yang maasih kecil diasramakan dan dibimbing dalam
suasana Islam untuk dijadikan prajurit. Program ini ternyata berhasil dengan
terbentuknya kelompok militer baru yang disebut pasukan <i>Jenissery </i>atau <i>Inkisariyah</i>.
Pasukan inilah yang dapat mengubah
Dinasti Utsmani menjadi mesin perang yang paling kuat dan memberikan
dorongan yang amat besar dalam penaklukan negeri-negeri non-muslim.<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Disamping
<i>Jenissery, </i>ada lagi prajurit dari tentara feodal yang dikirim kepada
pemerintah pusat. Pasukan ini disebut tentara atau kelompok militer <i>Thaujiah.</i>
Angkatan laut pun dibenahi, karena ia memiliki peranan yang besar dalam
perjalanan ekspansi Turki Utsmani. Pada abad ke-16, angkatan laut Turki Utsmani
yang tangguh mencapai puncak kejayaannya. Kekuatan militer Utmani yang tangguh
itu dengan cepat dapat menguasai wilayah yang sangat luas, baik di Asia,
Afrika, maupun Eropa. Faktor utama yang mendorong kemajuan dilapangan militer
ini adalah tabiat bangsa Turki itu sendiri yang bersifat militer, disiplin dan
patuh pada peraturan. Tabiat ini merupakan tabiat alami yang mereka warisi dari
nenek moyang merka di Asia Tengah.<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[32]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Keberhasilan ekspansi tersebut dibarengi
pula dengan terciptanya jaringan pemerintahan yang teratur. Dalam mengelola
pemerintahan yang luas, sultan-sultan Turki Utsmani senantiasa bertindak tegas.
Dalam struktur pemerintahan, sultan sebagai penguasa tertinggi, dibantu oleh <i>Shadr
al-A‘zham</i> (perdana menteri) yang membawahi <i>Pasya </i>(gubernur).
Gubernur mengepalai daerah tingkat I. Dibawahnya terdapat beberapa orang <i>al-Zanaziq</i>
atau <i>al-Alawiyah </i>(bupati).<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[33]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Untuk mengatur urusan pemerintahan
negara, di masa sultan Sulaiman I disusun sebuah kitab undang-undang (<i>qanun</i>).
Kitab tersebut diberi nama <i>Multaqa al-Abhur</i>, yang menjadi pegangan hukum
bagi kerajaan Turki Utsmani sampai datangnya reformasi pada abad ke-19. Karena
jasa sultan Sulaiman I yang amat berharga ini, di ujung namanya ditambah dengan
gelar sultan Sulaiman al-Qanuniy.<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[34]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bidang Intelektual atau Ilmu Pengetahuan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Kemajuan bidang intelektual diabad ke-19
pada masa pemerintahan Turki Utsmani tampaknya tidak lebih menonjol
dibandingakan bidang politik dan kemiliteran. Dari aspek-aspek intelektual yang
dicapai pada periode ini adalah sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Terdapat tiga buah surat kabar yang muncul pada masa ini,
yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Berita harian <i>Takvini Veka</i> (1831),<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Jurnal <i>Tasviri Efkyar </i>(1862),<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Jurnal <i>Terjumani Ahval </i>(1860).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt 14.2pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Terjadinya tansformasi pendidikan, dengan mendirikan
sekolah-sekolah dasar dan menengah (1861) dan perguran tinggi (1869), dan juga
mendirikan fakultas kedokteran dan fakultas hukum. Disamping itu juga
mengirimkan paa pelajar yang berprestasi ke Prancis intuk melanjutkan studinya,
diamana hal ini sebelumnya hal ini belum pernah terjadi.<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[35]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt 14.2pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Selain hal diatas, muncul juga satrawan-sastrawan dengan
dengan hasil karya-karyanya setelah menyelesaikan studi di luar negerti.
Diantaranya adalah Ibrahim Shinasi, pendiri surat kabat <i>Tasviri Ekfyar. </i>Diantara
karya yang dihasilkannya adalah <i>The Poets Wedding</i> (komedi). Salah
seorang pengikutnya adalah Namik Kemal dengan karyanya <i>Fatherland </i>atau <i>Silistria</i>.
Disamping itu, ada juga Ahmad Midhat dengan <i>Entertaining Tales</i> dan
Mehmed <i>Taufiq</i> dengan <i>Year in Istambul.<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[36]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bidang Kebudayaan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Dinasti Utsmani di Turki telah membawa
peradaban Islam menjadi peradaban yang cukup maju pada zaman kemajuannya. Dalam
bidang kebudayaan Turki Utsmani banyak muncul tokoh-tokoh penting seperti yang
terlihat pada abad ke-16, 17 dan 18.<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[37]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Antara lain pada abad ke-17, muncul
penyair yang terkenal yaitu Nafi’ (1582-1636 M.). Nafi’ juga bekerja untuk
Murad Pasya dengan menghasilkan karya-karya sastra Kaside yang mendapat tempat
di hati para Sultan.<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[38]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Diantara penulis yang membawa pengaruh
Persi ke dalam istana adalah Yusuf Nabi (1642-1712 M.), dia muncul sebagai juru
tulis bagi Mushahif Mustafa, salah seorang menteri Persia dan ilmu agama. Yusuf
Nabi menunjukkan pengetahuannya yang luar biasa dalam puisinya. Menyentuh
hampir semua persoalan (agama, filsafat, roman, cinta, anggur dan mistisme),
dia juga membahas biografi, sejarah, bentuk prosa, geografi dan rekaman
perjalanan.<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[39]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Dalam bidang sastra prosa kerajaan
Utsmani melahirkan dua tokoh terkemuka, yaitu Katip Celebi dan Evliya Celebi.
Yang terbesar daari semua penulis adalah Mustafa bin Abdullah yang dikenal
dengan Katip Celebi atau Haji Halife (1609 – 1657 M.). dia menulis buku
bergambar dalam karya terbesarnya <i>Kasyf az-Zunun fi Asmai al-Kutub wa
al-Funun,</i> sebuah presentasi biografi penulis-penulis penting di dunia Timur
bersama daftar dan deskripsi lebih dari 1.500 buku yang berbahasa Turki, Persia
dan Arab, dia pun menulis buku-buku yang lain.<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[40]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Selain itu, dianasti Turki Utsmani juga
banyak berkiprah dalam pengembangan seni arsitektur Islam berupa
bangunan-bangunan masjid yang indah, seperti Masjid Al-Muhammadi atau masjid
Jami’ Sultan Muhammad al-Fatih, Masjid Agung Sulaiman dan Masjid Abu Ayyub
al-Anshariy. Masjid-masjid tersebut dihiasi pula dengan kaligrafi yang indah.
Salah satu masjid yang terkenal dengan keindahan kaligrafinya dalah masjid yang
asalnya gereja Aya Sopia. Hiasan kaligrafi tiu dijadikan penutup gambar-gambar
Kristiani yang ada sebelumnya.<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[41]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Pada masa Sulaiman al-Qanuniy, dikota-kota
besar dan kota-kota lainnya banyak dibangun masjid, sekolah, rumah sakit,
gedung, makam, jembatan, saluran air, villa dan permandian umum. Disebutkan
bahwa 235 buah dari bangunan itu dibangun di bawah korditor Sinan, seorang
arsitek asal Anatolia.<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[42]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bidang Keagamaan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Kehidupan keagamaan merupakan bagian dari
sistem sosial dan politik Turki Utsmani. Ulama mempunyai kedudukan tinggi dalam
kehidupan negara dan masyarakat. Mufti sebagai pejabat tinggi agama, tanpa
legitimasi Mufti, keputusan hukum kerajaan tidak dapat berjalan. Pada masa ini,
kehidupan tarekat berkembang pesat. <i>Al-Bektasiy</i> dan <i>Al-Maulawiy</i>
merupakan dua ajaran tarekat yang paling besar. <i>Al-Bektasiy </i>merupakan
tarekat yang sangat berpengaruh terhadap tentara <i>Jenissari</i>, sedangakan <i>Al-Maulawiy</i>
berpengauh besar dikalangan penguasa
sebagai imbangan dari kelompok <i>Jenissariy Bekktasiy.<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[43]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></i>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Sementara itu, i</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">lmu
pengetahuan seperti fikhi, tafsir, kalam dan lain-lain, tidak mengalami
perkembangan. Kebanyakan penguasa Usmani cenderung </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">bersikap</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> taklid dan fanatik
terhadap suatu mazhab dan menentang mazhab-mazhab lainnya.<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[44]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pada dasarnya, terdapat beberapa faktor yang mendorong
kemajuan yang terjadi di masa dinasti Turki Utsmani, diantaranya adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Adanya sistem
pemberian hadiah berupa tanah kepada tentara yang berjasa</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tidak adanya diskriminasi
dari pihak penguas</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">a.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kepengurusan
organisasi yang cakap</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pihak Turki
memberikan perlakuan baik terhadap saudara-saudara baru dan memberikan kepada
mereka hak rakyat secara penuh</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Turki </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ustmani </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">telah menggunakan tenaga-tenaga
profesional dan terampil</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">f.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kedudukan
sosial orang-orang Turki telah men</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">rik
minat penduduk negeri-negeri Balkan untuk memeluk agama Islam</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">g.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Rakyat memeluk
agama Kristen hanya dibebani biaya perlindungan (jizyah) yang relatife murah dibandingkan
pada masa Bizantium</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">h.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Semua penduduk
memperoleh kebebasan untuk menjalankan kepercayaannya masing-masing</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">i.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Karena Turki
tidak fanatik agama, wilayah-wilayah Turki menjadi tempat perlindungan
orang-orang Yahudi dari serangan kerajaan Kristen di Spanyol dan Portugal pada
abad </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">ke-16</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">.<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[45]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt 14.2pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">D.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kemunduran Turki
Utsmani</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Untuk menentukan penyebab utama kehancuran kerajaan Turki
Utsmani merupakan persoalan yang tidak mudah. Akan tetapi ketergantungan sistem
birokrasi Turki Utsmani kepada kemampuan seotrang Sultan dalam mengendalikan
pemerintahan menjadi intitusi politik ini menjadi rentan bagi kejatuhan
kerajaan. Seorang sultan yang lemah cukup membuka peluang bagi degradasi
politik di kerajan Turki Utsmani, akan tetapi seorang sultan yang cakap juga
mampu memperlambat proses korosi pada badan politik kerajaan.<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn46" name="_ftnref46" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[46]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Setelah Sultan Sulaima>n al-Qanu>niy wafat, (1566
M.), kerajaan Turki Utsmani mulai memasuki fase kemundurannya. Akan tetapai,
sebagai sebuah kerajaan besar dan kuat, kemunduran itu tidak langsung terlihat.
Sultan Sulaiman al-Qanu>niy diganti poleh Salim II.<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn47" name="_ftnref47" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[47]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>kenaikan Sultan Salim II
(1566 – 1574 M.) telah dianggap oleh ahli sejarah sebagai titik permulaan
keruntuhan Turki Utsmani dan berakhirnya zaman keemasannya.<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn48" name="_ftnref48" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[48]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt 14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Hal ini ditandai dengan melemahnya semangat perjuangan
prajurit Utsmani yang menyebabkan sejumlah kekalahan dalam pertempuran
menghadapi musuh-musuhnya. Pada tahun 1633 M., tentara Utsmani menderita
kekalahan dalam penyerbuan Hongaria. Demikian juga pada tahun 1676 M., Turki
Utsmani kalah dalam pertempuran di Mohakez, Hongaria dan dipaksa menanda
tangani perjanjian Karlowitz pada tahun 1699 yang berisi pernyataan seluruh wilayah Hungaria, sebagan
besar Slovenia dan Croasia diberikan kepada penguasa Venetia.<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn49" name="_ftnref49" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[49]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt 14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pada tahun 1774 M., penguasa Utsmani, Sultan Abdul Hamid,
terpaksa menendatangani perjanjian dengan Rusia yang berisi pengakuan
kemerdekaan Crimenia dan penyerahan benteng-benteng pertahanan di Laut Hitam
serta memberikan izin kepada Rusia untuk melintasi selat antara Laut Hitam dan
Laut Putih.<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn50" name="_ftnref50" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[50]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt 14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Setelah menyadari menurunnya kekuasaan Turki Utsmani, sebagian
wilayah kekuasaannya melancarkan pemberontakan untuk melepaskan diri. Di Mesir
Jenisseri bersekutu dengan tentara Mamalik melancarkan pemberontakan, dan sejak
1772 M., Mamalik berhasil menguasai Mesir kembali. Di Syria dan Lebanon juga
terjadi pemberontakan yang dipelopori oleh Druz dan Fahruddin. Sementara itu di
Arabia timbul gerakan pemurnian oleh Muhammad bin Abdul Wahab, dan gerakan ini
bergabung dengan kekuatan Ibnu Saud yang akhirnya berhasil memperluas wilayah
kekuasaannya di sekitar Jazirah Arab.<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn51" name="_ftnref51" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[51]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt 14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Gerakan-gerakan sparatisme terus berlanjut hingga pada
abad ke-19 dan ke- 20, ditambah dengan munculnya gerakan modernisasi politik di
pusar pemerintahan, kerjaan Turki Utsmani akhirnya berakhir dengan bedirinnya
Republik Turki pada tahun 1924 M., dan mengangkat Mustafa Kemal Attaturk
sebagai presiden pertama di Republik Turki. Dalam percaturan politik politik
selanjutnya, Turki tidak begitu memiliki pengaruh yang dominan bahkan orang
Eropa menyebutnya <i>The Sick Man of The Europa</i> (si sakit yang ada di
Eropa).<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn52" name="_ftnref52" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[52]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt 14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Lebih lanjut, dalam bukunya, Syafiq A. Mughni melihat ada tiga
hal yang menjadi faktor kehancuran Turki Usmani, yaitu sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelemahan para
Sultan dan sistem birokrasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ketergantungan
sistem birokrasi </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">kerajaan Turki</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
U</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">smani
kepada kemampuan seorang sultan dalam mengendalikan pemerintahan menjadikan
institusi politik ini menjadi rentang terhadap kejatuhan kerajaan. Seorang
sultan yang cukup lemah cukup membuat peluang bagi degradasi politik di
kerajaan Turki Usmani. Ketika terjadi benturan kepentingan di kalangan elit
politik maka dengan mudah mereka berkotak-kotak dan terjebak dalam sebuah
perjuangan politik yang tidak berarti. Masing-masing kelompok membuat kualisi
dengan janji kemakmuran, Sultan dikondisikan dengan lebih suka menghabiskan
waktunya di istana dibanding urusan pemerintahan agar tidak terlibat langsung
dalam intrik-intrik politik yang mereka rancang. Pelimpahan wewenan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">g</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> kekuasaan pada perdan menteri untuk
mengendalikan roda pemerintahan. Praktik money politik di kalangan elit,
pertukaran penjagaan wilayah perbatasan dari pasukan kefelerike tangan pasukan
inpantri serta meluasnya beberapa pemberontakan oleh korp J</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">enis</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">s</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">e</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">ri untuk menggulingkan kekuasaan
merupakan ketidak berdayaan sultan dan kelemahan sistem birokrasi yang mewarnai
perjalanan kerajaan Turki U</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">smani.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kemerosotan
kondisi sosial ekonomi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perubahan
mendasar terjadi terjadi pada jumlah penduduk kerajaan sebagaimana terjadi pada
struktur ekonomi dan keuangan. Kerajaan akhirnya menghadapi problem internal
sebagai dampak pertumbuhan perdagangan d</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
ekonomi internasional. Kemampuan kerajaan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan dalam negeri
mulai melemah, pada saat bangsa Eropa telah mengembangkan struktur kekuatan
ekonomi dan keuangan bagi kepentingan mereka sendiri.<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn53" name="_ftnref53" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[53]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Perubahan politik dan
kependudukan saling bersinggungan dengan perubahan penting di bidang ekonomi.
Esentralisasi kekuasaan dan munculnya pengaruh pejabat daerah memberikan
konstribusi bagi runtuhnya ekonomi tradisional kerajaan Turki Usmani.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Munculnya
kekuatan Eropa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Munculnya
politik baru di daratan Eropa dapat dianaggap secara umum faktor yang
mempercepat proses keruntuhan kerajaan Turki Usmani.</span><a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn54" name="_ftnref54" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[54]</span><!--[endif]--></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
Konfrontasi langsung pada dengan kekuatan Eropa berawal pada abad ke</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">-16</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">, ketika masing-masing kekuatan ekonomi
berusaha mengatur tata ekonomi dunia. Ketika kerajaan Usmani sibuk membenahi
Negara dan masyarakat, bangsa Eropa malah menggalang militer, Ekonomi dan
tekhnologi dan mengambil mamfaat dari kelemahan kerajaan Turki Usmani.</span><a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn55" name="_ftnref55" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[55]</span><!--[endif]--></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt 14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sehubungan dengan hal diatas, lebih eksplisit, Badri
Yatim memaparkan tujuh faktor yang menjadi penyebab mundurnya kerajaan Turki
Utsmani, yaitu: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Wilayah kekuasaan
yang sangat luas.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt 14.2pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Adminstrasi
pemerintahan bagi suatu negara yang sangat luas wilayahnya sangat rumit dan
kompleks. Sementara administrasi pemerintahan kerajaan Turki Utsmani tidak
beres. Di pihak lain, para penguasa sangat berambisi menguasai wilayah yang
sanagt luas, sehingga mereka terlibat perang terus menerus dengan berbagai
bangsa. Hal ini tentu menyedot banyak potensi yang seharusnya dapat digunakan
untuk membangun negara.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt 14.2pt; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Heterogonitas penduduk.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt 14.2pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Sebagai kerjaan besar, Turki Utsmani
menguasai wilayah yang sanagt luas, mencakup Asia Kecil, Armenia, Irak ,
Syiria, Hijaz dan Yman di Asia; Mesir, Libia, Tunis dan Aljazair di Afrika dan
Rumania di Eropa. Wilayah yang luas itu didiami oleh penduduk yang beragam,
baik dari segi agama, ras, etnis maupun adat istiadat. Untuk mengatur penduduk
yang beragam dan tersebar di wilayah yang luas itu, diperlukan organisasi
oemerintahan yang teratur.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt 14.2pt; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kelemahan para penguasa.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt 14.2pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Sepeninggal Sulaiman al-Qanu>niy,
kerajaan Utsmani diperintah oleh sultan-sultan yang lemah, baik dalam
kepribadian maupun dalam kepemimpinannya. Akibatnya, pemerintahan menjadi
kacau. Kekacauan itu tidak pernah dapat diatasi secar sempurna, bahkan semakin
semakin parah.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt 14.2pt; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Budaya pungli/korupsi.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt 14.2pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Korupsi merupakan perbuatan yang sudah
umum terjadi dlam kerajaan Turki Utsmani. Setiap jabatan yang hendak diarih
oleh seseorang harus “dibayar” dengan sogokan kepada orang yang berhak
memberikan jabatan tersebut. Budaya korupsi ini mengakibatkan dekadensi moral
kian merajlela yang membuat pemerintahan semakin rapuh. </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt 14.2pt; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pemberontakan tentara Jenisseri.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt 14.2pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Kemajuan ekspansi kerajaan Turki Utsmani
ditentukan oleh kuatna tentara Jenisseriy. Denagn demikian, dapat dibayangkan
bagaimana kalau tentara ini memberontak. Pemberontakan tentara Jenisseriy
terjadi sebanyak empat kali, yaitu pda tahun 1525, 1632, 1727 dan 1826 M.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt 14.2pt; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Merosotnya perekonomian.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt 14.2pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Akibat perang yang tidak pernah berhenti,
perekonomian negara merosot. Pendapatan berkurang, sementara belanja negara
sangat besar, termasuk untuk biaya perang.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt 14.2pt; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Terjadinya stagnasi dalam bidang keilmuan dan tekhnologi.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt 14.2pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Kerajaan Turki Utsmani kurang berhasil
pengembangan ilmu dan teknologi, karena hanya mengutamakan pengembangan
kekuatan militer. Kemajuan militer yang tidak diimbangi oleh kemajuan ilmu dan
teknologi menyebabkan kerajaan ini ini tidak sanggup mengadapi persenjataan
musuh dari Eropa yang lebih maju.<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftn56" name="_ftnref56" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[56]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt 14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Demikianlah proses kemunduran Turki Utsmani. Pada masa
selanjutnya, di periode modern, kelemahan kerajaan ini menyebabkan
kekuatan-kekuatan Eropa tanpa segan-segan menjajah dan mendudki daerah-daerah
muslim yang dulunya berada di bawah kekuasaan Turki Utsmani, terutama di Timur
Tengah dan Afrika Utara.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt 14.2pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt 14.2pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">BAB
III<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt 14.2pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt 14.2pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pada mulanya, kerjaan Turki Utmani hanyalah sebuah
kerajaan kecil yang bernaung di bawah kerajan Turki Seljuk. Setelah Kerajaan
Turki Seljuk Hancur oleh serang Mongol, kerajaan Turki Utsmani kemudian secara
resmi berdiri pada tahun 1300 M. di Asia Kecil,
pendirinya adalah Ustman bin Ertoghril. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt 14.2pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kemajuan Turki Usmani dapat dilihat dari bidang
kemiliteran dan pemerintahan, terbukti bahwa kekuatan militer Usmani adalah
salah satu faktor sangat yang menentukan
keberhasilan ekspansi Turki Usmani, kemajuan lain yang dapat dilihat
yaitu: kemajuan dalam bidang budaya khususnya bangunan fisik. Di bidang Ilmu
pengetahuan kemajuan Turki Usmani tidak begitu menonjol dibandingkan kemajuan
di bidang lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt 14.2pt 2.0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kemunduran dan
kehancuran Turki Usmani disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor antara lain: kelemahan
para sultan dan sistem birokrasi, kemerosotan ekonomi dan munculnya kekuata
Eropa. Peran Turki tidak dapat dikesampingkan, karena dengan luasnya daerah
kekuasaan yang membentang dari Asia hingga
Eropa dalam rentang waktu yang relatif
lama, lebih dari enam abad, maka terjadilah intraksi peradabandengan
berbagai wilayah yang berada di bawah kekuasaan Turki dan saling mempengaruhi,
sehingga peradaban yang lebih kuat banyak memberikan pengaruh terhadap
peradaban yang lebih lemah.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt 14.2pt 2.0cm 63.8pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt 14.2pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA\<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Badri Yatim, <i>Sejarah
Perdaban Islam,</i> (Cet. 15; Jakarta; PT. Raja Grafindo Persada, 2003)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ajid Thohir, <i>Perkembangan
Peradaban Di Kawasan Dunia Islam,</i> (Cet. I; Jakarta; PT Raja Grafindo
Persada, 2004)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Syafiq A. Mughni, <i>Sejarah
Kebudayaan Islam DI Turki,</i> (Cet. 1; Jakarta; Logos, 1997)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Samsul Munir Amin,
<i>Sejarah Peradaban Islam, </i>(Cet. 2; Jakarta; Amzah, 2010)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Philip K. Hitti, <i>History
Of The Arabs,</i> diterjemahkan oleh Cecep Lukman Yasin dan Dedi Slamet Riyadi,
(Cet. 1; Jakarta; PT Serambi Ilmu Semesta, 2008)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hassan Ibrahim Hassan, <i>Islamic History And
Culture,</i> Diterjemahkan oleh Djahdan Human, <i>Sejarah Dan Kebudayaan </i> <i> Islam, </i>( Cet. I; Yogyakarta: 1989)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mahmudunnasir, <i>Islam Konsepsi Dan Sejarahnya</i>,
(Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosdakarya, 1994)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt 14.2pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div>
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Badri
Yatim, <i>Sejarah Perdaban Islam,</i> (Cet. 15; Jakarta; PT. Raja Grafindo
Persada, 2003), h. 129.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ibid,</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> h.
129.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ajid
Thohir, <i>Perkembangan Peradaban Di Kawasan Dunia Islam,</i> (Cet. I; Jakarta;
PT Raja Grafindo Persada, 2004), h. 181.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ibid, </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">h.
182.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Badri
Yatim, <i>op. cit.,</i> h. 130.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Op. cit., </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">h.
182.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <i><span lang="IN">Op. cit., </span></i><span lang="IN">h. 130.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Syafiq A.
Mughni, <i>Sejarah Kebudayaan Islam DI Turki,</i> (Cet. 1; Jakarta; Logos,
1997), h. 53.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Samsul
Munir Amin, <i>Sejarah Peradaban Islam, </i>(Cet. 2; Jakarta; Amzah, 2010), h.
197.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Op. cit.,</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> h.
54.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ibid, </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">h.
54-66.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Philip K.
Hitti, <i>History Of The Arabs,</i> diterjemahkan oleh Cecep Lukman Yasin dan
Dedi Slamet Riyadi, (Cet. 1; Jakarta; PT Serambi Ilmu Semesta, 2008), h. 905.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ibid, </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">h.
905.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Badri
Yatim,<i> op. cit., </i>h<i>. </i>131.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> Hassan Ibrahim Hassan, <i>Islamic
History And Culture,</i> Diterjemahkan oleh Djahdan Human, <i>Sejarah Dan
Kebudayaan </i> <i> Islam, </i>( Cet. I; Yogyakarta: 1989), h.
327.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> Jannisary artinya organisasi
militer baru, yaitu pengawal elite dari pasukan turki yang kemudian dihapuskan
pada tahun 1826.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> Mahmudunnasir, <i>Islam
Konsepsi Dan Sejarahnya</i>, (Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosdakarya, 1994), h. 376.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> Badri Yatim, <i>op. </i></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">c</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";">it.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";">, h. 130-131.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Syafiq A.
Mughni, <i>op. cit.,</i> h. 55.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ibid, </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">h.
55.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ibid,</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> h.
55.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ibid, </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">h.
56.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Badri
Yatim, <i>op. cit.,</i> h.131.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Samsul
Munir Amin, <i>op. cit.,</i> h. 196.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Syafiq A.
Mughni, <i>op. cit.,</i> h. 59.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Op. cit.,</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> h.
196.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Op. cit., </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">h.
59.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Lihat,
Philip K. Hitti,<i> op. cit., </i>h. 910-911. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Badri
Yatim, <i>op. cit., </i>h. 133-134.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn30">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ibid</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">,
h.134.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn31">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ibid,</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> h.
134,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn32">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[32]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Samsul
Munir Amin, <i>op. cit.,</i> h. 201.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn33">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[33]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ibid,</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> h.
201.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn34">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[34]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ibid,</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> h.
201-202. Lihat juga Badri Yatim, <i>op. cit.,</i> h. 135.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn35">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[35]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ajid
Thohir, <i>op. cit., </i>h.187-188.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn36">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[36]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ibid, </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">h.
188.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn37">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[37]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Samsul
Munir Amin, <i>op. cit.,</i> h. 202.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn38">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[38]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ibid, </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">h.
202.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn39">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[39]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ibid,</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> h.
203.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn40">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[40]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ibid,</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">
h.203<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn41">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[41]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Badri
Yatim, <i>op.cit.,</i> h. 136.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn42">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[42]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ibid,</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> h.
136.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn43">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[43]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ajid
Thohir, <i>op. cit.,</i> h. 187.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn44">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref44" name="_ftn44" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[44]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> Badri Yatim, <i>op. cit., </i>h.
137.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn45">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref45" name="_ftn45" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[45]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> Ajid Thahir,<i> op. cit. </i>h.
189-190.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn46">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref46" name="_ftn46" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[46]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Syafiq A.
Mughni, <i>op. cit., </i>h. 92-93.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn47">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref47" name="_ftn47" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[47]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Badri
Yatim, o<i>p. cit.,</i> h. 163.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn48">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref48" name="_ftn48" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[48]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ajid
Thohir. o<i>p. cit., </i>h.190.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn49">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref49" name="_ftn49" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[49]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ibid, </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">h.
190.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn50">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref50" name="_ftn50" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[50]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ibid,</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> h.
190.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn51">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref51" name="_ftn51" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[51]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ibid.</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> h.
191.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn52">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref52" name="_ftn52" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[52]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Samsul
Munir Amin, <i>op. cit., </i>h. 207.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn53">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref53" name="_ftn53" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[53]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> <i>Ibid</i>., h. 104.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn54">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref54" name="_ftn54" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[54]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> <i>Ibid., </i>h. 112.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn55">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref55" name="_ftn55" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[55]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Syafiq A.
Mughni, <i>op. cit.,</i> h. 92-119.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn56">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///F:/AbGhan/s2/REVISI/Muhammad%20Ismail/Turki%20Usmani.docx#_ftnref56" name="_ftn56" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">[56]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Lihat,
Badri Yatim, <i>op. cit., </i> h.
167-168. Lihat juga, Samsul Munir amin,<i> op. cit.,</i> h. 208-209.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</div>
sanad th khusushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10983250755337733917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9021604123522598466.post-53668969986066685472012-10-31T10:16:00.000+08:002012-10-31T10:16:06.638+08:00DUA MAZHAB BESAR TEOLOGI KLASIK: KEJABARIYAHAN DAN KEQADARIYAHAN DALAM DUNIA ISLAM MASA KINI<br>
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oleh : Muhammad Ali Rusdi, S.Th. I, M. Th.I</div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB I</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Latar Belakang Masalah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Salah satu pembicaraan penting dalam teologi
Islam adalah masalah perbuatan manusia (<i>af‘a>l al-‘iba>d</i>). Dalam
kajian ini dibicarakan tentang kehendak (<i>masyi>‘ah</i>) dan daya (<i>istit}a>‘ah</i>)
manusia. Hal ini karena setiap perbuatan berhajat kepada daya dan kehendak.
Persoalannya, apakah manusia bebas menentukan perbuatan-perbuatannya sesuai
dengan kehendak dan dayanya sendiri, ataukah semua perbuatan manusia sudah
ditentukan oleh <i>qad}a’</i> dan <i>qadar</i> Tuhan? dalam sejarah pemikiran
Islam, persoalan inilah yang kemudian melahirkan paham Jabariyah dan Qadariyah.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="background: white;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pola-pola berpikir
teologis tersebut, tanpa disadari kini telah melengkapi khazanah pemikiran
Islam yang sangat progresif. Bahkan lebih dari itu, kehadiran produk berpikir
tersebut, telah pula membentuk semacam mazhab teologi yang secara dikotomik
terbelah pada kekuatan Qadariyah dan Jabariyah. Seperti apa yang telah
diterangkan pada posisi atau kondisi kejadian Qadariyah, kehendak Tuhan
terlaksana melewati kehendak manusia. Pada posisi atau kondisi kejadian Jabariyah,
kehendak Tuhan terlaksana melewati kehendak kompleks yaitu kehendak alam
lingkungan yang unsurnya komplek, dimana manusia juga menjadi salah satu
unsurnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada dua ajaran dalam agama yang erat
kaitannya dengan produktivitas : <i><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-style: normal;">Pertama</span></i>; agama mengajarkan bahwa sesudah hidup
pertama di dunia yang bersifat material ini, ada hidup kedua nanti di akhirat
yang bersifat spiritual. <i><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-style: normal;">Kedua</span></i>; agama mempunyai ajaran mengenai nasib dan
perbuatan manusia. Kalau nasib manusia telah ditentukan Tuhan sejak semula,
maka produktivitas masyarakat yang menganut paham keagamaan demikian, akan
rendah sekali. Tetapi, dalam masyarakat, yang menganut paham manusialah yang
menentukan nasibnya dan manusialah yang menciptakan perbuatannya, produktivitas
akan tinggi. Paham pertama dikenal dengan filsafat fatalisme atau Jabariyah.
Paham kedua disebut Qadariyah atau kebebasan manusia dalam kemauan dan
perbuatan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sejarah pemikiran Islam, terdapat lebih
dari satu aliran teologi yang berkembang. Aliran-aliran tersebut ada yang
bersifat liberal, tradisional dan antara aliran liberal dan tradisional.
Kondisi demikian membawa hikmah bagi umat Islam. Oleh karena itu, bagi mereka yang
berpikiran liberal dapat menyesuaikan dirinya dengan aliran yang liberal
tersebut, sementara bagi mereka yang berpikiran tradisional atau antara liberal
dan tradisional, mereka akan menyesuaikan dirinya dengan aliran-aliran yang
cocok dengan pikirannya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Konsepi tentang perbuatan manusia pun
sering dijadikan kambing hitam dalam menentukan maju dan mundurnya, berkembang
dan terbelakangnya keadaan umat Islam sekarang. Bagi kalangan liberalis, paham
Jabariyah yang menurut mereka kemudian diformulasikan oleh Asy’ari dan dianut
oleh Sunni, merupakan faktor utama mundurnya umat Islam sekarang ini. Bagi
mereka, jika umat Islam ingin maju, Qadariyahlah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang harus dianut atau dijadikan <i>worldview</i>
untuk mengembalikan kemajuan peradaban Islam. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada perkembagan selanjutnya, nampaknya
kedua paham ini sama-sama memilih gerbongnya sendiri. Baik Jabariyah maupun Qadariyah
berkembang sesuai lajur rel yang terlanjur dikokohkan sejak masa awal Islam. Umat
Islampun terpecah dalam dua pilihan teologis tersebut dan keduanya melaju pada
gerbong yang berbeda di atas rel yang berbeda pula. Hingga di masa kini dua
paham teologis ini tak jauh beranjak dari situasi yang sebelumnya telah
terlanjur mapan. Terhadap realitas kehidupan ummat Islam di masa kini yang
terkait dengan idealisasi dua paham teologi tersebut, nampaknya susah dibaca,
kecuali jika kedua pemahaman ini dikaitkan dengan fase perkembang paham sejarah
umat manusia secara global.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebab pendekatan teologi saja, dalam
menilai umat masa kini tidak mudah diberlakukan hanya dengan melihat korelasi
kemajuan social budaya dan ekonomi ummat Islam dengan pemahaman teologinya,
tanpa membaca kemungkinan lain, semisal kemajuan teknologi informasi dan
kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan lainnya. Kendala lainnya adalah sifat dari pembahasan
teologi bersifat melangit, dalam artian wacana-wacana teologi biasanya hanya
dibincang terbatas di ruang-ruang sempit formal ilmiah. Hingga dengan demikian
studi tentang dua mazhab teologi Islam klasik yaitu Jabariyah dan Qadariyahpun terbatas
hanya pada kalangan elit ilmuan Islam dan kejadian serupa ini terjadi hingga
sekarang. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membaca khazanah dua mazhab besar
teologi klasik (Jabariyah dan Qadariyah) dalam masa kini atau kejabariyahan dan
keqadariyahan dalam dunia Islam masa kini memerlukan kaitan-kaitan realitas
yang kaya dari hanya sekedar mendekatan skripturalis yang biasanya dominan
dalam pendekatan wacana teologi Islam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rumusan Masalah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berdasarakan pada rumusan masalah
tersebut, maka dirumuskan masalah yang akan dibahas dalam makalah ini sebagai
berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagaimana
konsep pemikiran Jabariyah dan Qadariyah?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sejauhmanakah
peran Jabariyah dan Qadariyah dalam dunia Islam masa kini?</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;">
</span>
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<a href="http://sanadthkhusus.blogspot.com/2012/10/dua-mazhab-besar-teologi-klasik.html#more">SELENGKAPNYA===>>></a>sanad th khusushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10983250755337733917noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9021604123522598466.post-80753314761873374542012-10-31T10:12:00.000+08:002012-10-31T10:12:02.476+08:00LEADERSHIP DALAM PERSPEKTIF HADIS<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 17.0pt;"> Oleh : Muhammad Agus, S.Th.I, M. Th. I</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 17.0pt;">BAB
I</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 17.0pt;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 17.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-size: 17.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 17.0pt;">Latar Belakang Masalah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Secara universal, manusia adalah makhluk Allah yang memiliki
potensi kemakhlukan yang paling bagus, mulia, pandai, dan cerdas. Mereka
mendapatkan kepercayaan untuk menjalankan dan mengembankan titah-titah
amanat-Nya serta memperoleh kasih sayang-Nya yang sempurna.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Sebagai wujud kesempurnaannya, manusia diciptakan oleh Allah
setidaknya memiliki dua tugas dan tanggung jawab besar. Pertama, sebagai
seorang hamba (<i>'abdulla>h</i>)<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
yang berkewajiban untuk memperbanyak ibadah kepada-Nya sebagai bentuk tanggung
jawab <i>'ubudiyyah</i> terhadap Tuhan yang telah menciptakannya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
Kedua, sebagai <i>khali>fatulla>h </i>yang memiliki jabatan <i>ilahiyah</i>
sebagai pengganti Allah dalam mengurus seluruh alam.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dengan kata lain, manusia sebagai <i>khali>fah </i>berkewajiban untuk
menciptakan kedamaian, melakukan perbaikan, dan tidak membuat kerusakan, baik
untuk dirinya maupun untuk makhluk yang lain.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tugas dan tanggung jawab itu merupakan amanat ketuhanan yang
sungguh besar dan berat. Oleh karena itu, semua yang ada di langit dan di bumi
menolak amanat yang sebelumnya telah Allah tawarkan kepada mereka. Akan tetapi,
manusia berani menerima amanat tersebut, padahal ia memiliki potensi untuk
mengingkarinya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Terjemahnya:</span></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">"Sesungguhnya Kami telah
mengemukakan amanat kepada langit, bumi dan gunung-gunung, Maka semuanya enggan
untuk memikul amanat itu dan mereka khawatir akan mengkhianatinya, dan
dipikullah amanat itu oleh manusia. Sesungguhnya manusia itu amat zalim dan
amat bodoh"</span></i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"> </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i><span dir="LTR" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></b></span></span></span></i></span></a><br>
<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i><span dir="LTR" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span></b></span></span></span></i></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"></span>
<br>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Ibn 'Abba>s sebagaimana dikutip oleh Ibn Kas\i>r dalam
tafsirnya <i>"Tafsi>r al-Qur'a>n al-'Az}i>m" </i>menjelaskan
bahwa yang dimaksud dengan amanat pada ayat di atas adalah ketaatan dan
penghambaan atau ketekunan beribadah.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ada juga yang memaknai kata amanah sebagai <i>al-takli>f </i>atau
pembebanan, karena orang yang tidak sanggup memenuhinya berarti membuat utang
atas dirinya. Adapun orang yang melaksanakannya akan memperoleh kemuliaan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Dari sekian banyak penafsiran ulama tentang amanah, dapat
ditarik sebuah "benang merah" yang dapat menghubungkan antara satu
dengan yang lain, yaitu <i>al-mas'u>liyyah </i>(tanggung jawab) atas
anugerah Tuhan yang diberikan kepada manusia, baik berupa jabatan (hamba
sekaligus khalifah) maupun nikmat yang sedemikian banyak. Dengan kata lain,
manusia berkewajiban untuk menyampaikan "laporan pertanggungjawaban"
di hadapan Allah atas limpahan karunia Ilahi yang diberikan kepadanya. Hal ini
juga berarti bahwa pemimpin bukan hanya orang yang memiliki jabatan
organisasi/instansi dan atau lembaga tertentu tetapi setiap manusia adalah
pemimpin skala paling kecil.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Hanya saja, sejak d</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 17.0pt;">ahulu banyak
orang yang berpendirian bahwa kepemimpinan itu tidak dapat dipelajari. Sebab
kepemimpinan adalah suatu bakat yang diperoleh sebagai kemampuan istimewa yang
dibawa sejak lahir. Jadi, sebagian orang mengatakan bahwa memang tidak ada dan
tidak diperlukan teori kepemimpinan. Suksesnya kepemimpinan itu disebabkan oleh
keberuntungan seorang pemimpin yang memiliki bakat alami yang luar biasa,
sehingga ia memiliki kharisma dan kewibawaan untuk memimpin massa yang ada di
sekitarnya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 17.0pt;">Dalam
perkembangannya, pemikiran tersebut secara lambat laun tergeser dengan
pemikiran bahwa kepemimpinan itu terjadi secara ilmiah bersamaan dengan
pertumbuhan/managemen ilmiah yang dipelopori oleh seorang ilmuan Frederick W.
Taylor pada awal abad ke-20 yang kemudian hari berkembang menjadi satu disiplin
ilmu.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-size: 17.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 17.0pt;">Sebagai umat
yang beragama Islam, kepemimpinan yang diidamkan adalah kepemimpinan yang
sesuai dengan arahan al-Qur’an dan hadis Nabi sebagai sumber utama hukum Islam.
Salah satu hadis yang populer tentang kepemimpinan adalah: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">كُلُّكُمْ رَاعٍ وَمَسْئُولٌ عَنْ رَعِيَّتِهِ فَالإِِمَامُ رَاعٍ
وَهُوَ مَسْئُولٌ عَنْ رَعِيَّتِهِ، وَالرَّجُلُ فِي أَهْلِهِ رَاعٍ وَهُوَ مَسْئُولٌ
عَنْ رَعِيَّتِهِ، وَالْمَرْأَةُ فِي بَيْتِ زَوْجِهَا رَاعِيَةٌ وَهِيَ مَسْئُولَةٌ
عَنْ رَعِيَّتِهَا، وَالْخَادِمُ فِي مَالِ سَيِّدِهِ رَاعٍ وَهُوَ مَسْئُولٌ عَنْ
رَعِيَّتِهِ <span style="color: black;">أَلاَ فَكُلُّكُمْ رَاعٍ وَكُلُّكُمْ مَسْئُولٌ
عَنْ رَعِيَّتِهِ.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 17.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[10]</span></span></span></span></a></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 17.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Artinya:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 17.0pt;">“Ketahuilah bahwa setiap kamu adalah
pemimpin dan setiap pemimpin bertanggung jawab atas kepemimpinannya. Setiap
kepala negara adalah pemimpin, dan dia bertanggung jawab atas kepemimpinan
(rakyatnya), setiap perempuan/ ibu adalah pemimpin bagi rumah tangga suaminya
dan anak- anaknya, ia bertanggung jawab atas kepemimpinannya. Seorang hamba
sahaya adalah pemimpin bagi harta tuannya dan bertanggung jawab atas
kepemimpinannya. Ketahuilah bahwa setiap kamu adalah pemimpin dan masing-
masing bertanggung jawab atas kepemimpinannya”.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 17.0pt;">Kutipan hadis di atas memberikan sebuah
gambaran jelas bahwa pada dasarnya pemimpin dan kepemimpinan merupakan sebuah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sunnatulla>h</i> yang telah melekat pada
setiap pribadi. Ia adalah sesuatu yang mutlak ada dalam setiap lini kehidupan,
baik individual maupun dalam kaitannya dengan orang lain. Pemimpin dan
kepemimpinan adalah dua hal yang tidak dapat dipisahkan, meskipun kedua istilah
ini berbeda defenisi. Namun, seorang pemimpin pasti memiliki kepemimpinan dan
setiap kepemimpinan pasti memiliki seorang pemimpin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 17.0pt;">Hadis-hadis
yang senada dengan hal tersebut banyak ditemukan dalam kitab-kitab hadis, hanya
saja hadis Nabi saw. yang sampai kepada kaum muslimin saat ini dengan berbagai
bentuk dan coraknya,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-size: 17.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a>
kadang-kadang bertentangan atau tidak sesuai dengan konteks zaman dan pemikiran
modern.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-size: 17.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a>
Oleh karena itu diperlukan upaya untuk mendudukan hadis Nabi saw. tersebut pada
porsi yang semestinya, dengan jalan mengkaji secara kritis dan akurat. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 17.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dalam
kaitannya dengan upaya pemahaman hadis ini, diperlukan pengetahuan yang
mendalam segala segi yang berkaitan dengan pribadi Nabi saw. dan suasana yang
melatari terjadinya hadis. Mungkin saja, suatu hadis lebih tepat dipahami
secara tekstual, sedang hadis lainnya lebih tepat dipahami secara kontekstual.
Pemahaman dan penerapan secara tekstual dilakukan bila hadis yang bersangkutan
telah dihubungkan dengan segala segi yang berhubungan dengannya. Sebaliknya,
pemahaman hadis secara kontekstual dilakukan bila dibalik teks suatu hadis itu
ada petunjuk yang kuat mengharuskan hadis yang bersangkutan dipahami dan
diterapkan tidak sebagaiman makna tekstualnya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-size: 17.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";">Oleh
karena itu, sangat penting untuk mengatahui apa sebenarnya hakikat
kepemimpinan, kriteria, urgensi dan semua hal yang terkait dengannya. Salah
satu cara untuk mengetahui hal tersebut adalah kembali mengkaji istilah-istilah
yang muncul dalam al-Qur’an dan al-Hadis. Namun dalam makalah ini, penulis
mencoba membahas kepemimpinan dari perspektif hadis-hadis Nabi saja.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-size: 17.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 17.0pt;">Rumusan<i>
</i>Masalah</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 17.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Berdasarkan
latar belakang di atas, dapat dibuat pokok masalah bagaimana pandangan hadis
Rasulullah saw. terhadap kepemimpinan dengan sub masalah sebagai berikut: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Apa yang
dimaksud dengan kepemimpinan/leadership?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Apa saja
kriteria kepemimpinan dalam hadis?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Bagaimana
bentuk tanggung jawab pemimpin dalam pandangan hadis?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<a href="http://sanadthkhusus.blogspot.com/2012/10/leadership-dalam-perspektif-hadis.html#more">SELENGKAPNYA===>>></a>sanad th khusushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10983250755337733917noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9021604123522598466.post-42970335549272236572012-06-04T22:59:00.000+08:002012-06-05T10:09:25.507+08:00KEPEMIMPINAN WANITA SECARA UMUM<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ddI8KjdRpT4/T8zMkYYCsiI/AAAAAAAAAmg/6YfwY_Rs0ec/s1600/pemimpinwanita.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="217" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ddI8KjdRpT4/T8zMkYYCsiI/AAAAAAAAAmg/6YfwY_Rs0ec/s320/pemimpinwanita.jpg" width="320"></a></div>
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<br></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">BAB I</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">PENDAHULUAN </span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Latar Belang Masalah</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Kehidupan manusia sudah sedemikian kompleks. Perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi memicu manusia untuk selalu mengembangkan dirinya. Potensi-potensi yang ada dalam diri seseorang menjadi modal besar dalam pembentukan sumber daya manusia yang produktif. Tidak hanya semua ini dilakukan oleh para kaum pria tapi juga kaum wanita mulai berkiprah dalam mencapai tujuannya, khususnya dalam lingkungan publik. Kini, ambisi untuk menjadi sang pemimpin juga mulai gencar dilakukan oleh sebagian wanita. Namun, adanya teks-teks normatif memberikan beberapa interpretasi tentang boleh tidaknya seorang wanita berkiprah dalam urusan publik. Beberapa nas| al-Qur’an dan hadis mengemukakan kedudukan perempuan dan dinyatakan bahwa Islam sangat menjunjung tinggi harkat dan martabat wanita. Tidak ada diskriminasi antara pria dan wanita dalam nilai kemanusiaannya sebagai sesama manusia dan sebagai hamba Allah Swt.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span></span></a> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Salah satu hadis yang membutuhkan pemahaman secara komprehensif adalah hadis yang terkait dengan kepemimpinan seorang wanita, karena al-sunnah merupakan sumber kedua dalam menetapkan syariat hukum Islam </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">maka masalah yang terkait ini sangat perlu mendapat perhatian dengan metode </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">tahlili</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. Salah satu alasannya karena al-hadis tidak semuanya <i>qath’i al-wuru</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">></span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">d</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> (valid dari Rasulullah).<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span></span></a> Oleh karena itu, dibutuhkan <i>takhrij al-Hadis</i> (pembuktian kevalidan) dan pemahaman yamg mendalam dengan menggunakan berbagai pendekatan, baik secara tekstual, interteks maupun kontekstual</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. Pascapenetapan status hadis, bukan berarti masalah hadis telah selesai, akan tetapi pendalaman dan pengkajian tentang maksud dan kandungan hadis juga tidak kalah pentingnya, sebab matan hadis terkadang diriwayatkan secara makna. Adapun hadis yang dikaji dalam makalah ini penulis membatasinya hanya pada riwayat Bukhari saja, hadis yang dimaksud adalah:</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 16pt;">حدثنا عثمان بن الهيثم حدثنا عوف عن الحسن عن أبي بكرة قال: لقد نفعني الله بكلمة سمعتها من رسول الله صلى الله عليه و سلم أيام الجمل بعد ما كدت أن ألحق بأصحاب الجمل فأقاتل معهم قال لما بلغ رسول الله صلى الله عليه و سلم أن أهل فارس قد ملكوا عليهم بنت كسرى قال ( لن يفلح قوم ولوا أمرهم امرأة )</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Untuk itulah, makalah ini membahas tentang sebuah hadis riwayat Abu> Bakrah mengenai kepemimpinan wanita yang terdapat dalam kitab-kitab hadis untuk dieksplorasi kandungan dan pesan ilahiyah yang terdapat dalam hadis Rasulullah saw. agar didapatkan pemahaman yang utuh dan komprehensif sehingga nilai-nilai yang dikandung dapat memberikan wawasan dan terus menjadikan hadis Rasulullah saw sebagai <i>rahmatan li al-‘a>lami>n</i>. </span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Rumusan Masalah</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Berdasarkan latar belakang diatas, penulis memberikan rumusan masalah sebagai berikut:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Bagaimana takhrij hadis mengenai kepemimpinan wanita?</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Bagaimana syarah hadis hadis tentang kepemimpinan wanita?</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Apa pesan dan petunjuk hadis tentang kepemimpinan wanita? </span></div>
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</div></div><a href="http://sanadthkhusus.blogspot.com/2012/06/kepemimpinan-wanita-secara-umum.html#more">SELENGKAPNYA===>>></a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9021604123522598466.post-21233110379334838082012-05-21T00:00:00.000+08:002012-06-05T07:20:18.499+08:00KISAH ASHAB AL-KAHFI DALAM AL-QUR’AN<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>AR-SA</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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</style> <![endif]--> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-FZxoQ7nrp_M/T7kUPxr7QbI/AAAAAAAAAlA/nBsZEa7wAzI/s1600/263454_221200041234507_380338_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-FZxoQ7nrp_M/T7kUPxr7QbI/AAAAAAAAAlA/nBsZEa7wAzI/s320/263454_221200041234507_380338_n.jpg" width="229"></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: OI-Beyrut; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Oleh : Muhammad Shadiq Shabry</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br>
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br>
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: OI-Beyrut; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">I. PENDAHULUAN</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: OI-Beyrut; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Banyak ayat-ayat al-Qur’an yang diturunkan oleh Allah swt kepada Nabi Muhammad saw yang berhubungan dengan kisah umat-umat terdahulu. Penceritaan kisah-kisah tersebut bukan tanpa maksud sama sekali. Allah sebetulnya ingin membuktikan kepada manusia bahwa apa yang dibawa oleh Nabi Muhammad saw adalah benar merupakan wahyu dari-Nya dan bukan berdasarkan hawa nafsunya. Allah juga untuk konteks ini ingin memberikan pelajaran kepada manusia untuk mengikuti segala kebaikan yang terdapat dalam kisah-kisah itu dan menjauhi segala keburukannya. Dengan penuturan gaya bahasa yang indah dan memukau diharapkan mampu menyentuh perasaan orang-orang yang membacanya maupun yang mendengarkannya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: OI-Beyrut; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: OI-Beyrut; font-size: 13.0pt;">Di dalam al-Qur’an peristiwa-peristiwa historis memang banyak dibincangkan. Peristiwa-peristiwa historis ada yang kejadiannya jauh sebelum lahirnya agama Islam. Peristiwa-peristiwa tersebut jelas tidak pernah dialami oleh Nabi Muhammad saw, tetapi beliau mengetahuinya dari wahyu yang diturunkan Allah kepadanya. Sebagian ayat-ayat al-Qur’an tersebut merekam peristiwa kehidupan masyarakat pada waktu sebelum dan ketika al-Qur’an diturunkan. Al-Qur’an telah memberi ruang bagi penceritaan peristiwa tersebut dan menjadikan karakter ayat-ayat yang bersinggungan dengan itu pada posisi sebagai dokumen historis yang eternal. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: OI-Beyrut; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pemaparan al-Qur’an tentang peristiwa-peristiwa historis tidak sama dengan penulisan sejarah yang berlaku di dunia akademik yang tersusun secara runtut dengan pencantuman nama pelaku secara jelas, tempat, waktu, obyek, dan latar belakang dari peristiwa tersebut. Al-Qur’an mencantumkan kisah-kisahnya tidak selalu mencantumkan tempat dari orang-orang secara lengkap, tidak pula urutan-urutan peristiwanya, sebab seperti diketahui al-Qur’an bukan kitab sejarah, melainkan kitab petunjuk (<i>hidayah)</i> yang terkadang menceritakan kisah. Sebagian peristiwa yang temanya sama dimuatnya dalam satu tempat dan sebagian yang lainnya dimuat di tempat yang lain, disesuaikan menurut kesempatan dan ajaran yang diserukan oleh porsi yang dibicarakannya. Bahkan karakteristik seperti itu terkadang diungkapkan secara panjang lebar, namun terkadang hanya garis besarnya saja. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: OI-Beyrut; font-size: 13.0pt;">Kisah-kisah al-Qur’an sebenarnya tidak bisa dipisahkan dari proses pewarisan nilai yang terkandung didalamnya. Karena pada fokus itulah esensinya yang sarat menyajikan pesan kemanusiaan pada masa silam yang berguna bagi kehidupan kini maupun di masa mendatang dapat secara transparan menemukan bukan saja eksistensinya melainkan juga relevansinya untuk kehidupan manusia. Dengan begitu kisah yang ingin mengemban misi mentransformasikan nilai-nilai yang terus berkontinuitas dapat menemukan jati dirinya.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: OI-Beyrut; font-size: 13.0pt;">Kisah-kisah <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>seperti yang ada dalam pengertian di atas telah banyak diungkapkan oleh al-Qur’an. Tidak tanggung-tanggung, jumlah ayat-ayat al-Qur’an yang membicarakan itu, menurut penelitian A.Hanafi, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jumlahnya tidak kurang dari 1600 ayat. Penelitian itu pun hanya ditujukan kepada kisah para Nabi dan Rasul.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: OI-Beyrut; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a> Kalau jumlah standar ayat yang dipakai adalah kesepakatan ulama yaitu 6236,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>maka setidaknya 25,6 % dari kisah para Nabi dan Rasul itu yang menempati al-Qur’an. Belum lagi kisah-kisah yang lain. Dengan demikian nampak bahwa jumlah tersebut memperlihatkan betapa besar perhatian al-Qur’an kepada kisah-kisah itu.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: OI-Beyrut; font-size: 13pt;"></span></div></div><a href="http://sanadthkhusus.blogspot.com/2012/05/kisah-ashab-al-kahfi-dalam-al-quran.html#more">SELENGKAPNYA===>>></a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9021604123522598466.post-43309635500050125522012-05-20T22:10:00.000+08:002012-05-20T22:10:17.991+08:00Al-Iraqi dan Pemikirannya<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: 12pt;"> Al-Iraqi dan pemikirannya dalam kitab</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Consolas; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">al-Tabshirah wa al-Tadzkirah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>OLEH : AMRULLAH HARUN</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-37CxUKPSoIM/T7j6lNKc7sI/AAAAAAAAAk0/uDE3Dy5wvmI/s1600/478937_442208645807643_100000555354718_1602913_1941104777_o+copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-37CxUKPSoIM/T7j6lNKc7sI/AAAAAAAAAk0/uDE3Dy5wvmI/s320/478937_442208645807643_100000555354718_1602913_1941104777_o+copy.jpg" width="239"></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nama dan Kuniyahnya </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Beliau adalah ‘Abdurrahim
bin al-Husain bin ‘Abdurrahman bin Abi Bakr bin Ibrahim al-Kurdi ar-Raziyani
keturunan bangsa ‘Iraq, kelahiran kota Mahran, Mesir dan bermadzahab
Syafi’i. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kuniyahnya adalah Abu al-Fadhl, dan digelari
Zainuddin. Dilahirkan pada hari ke dua puluh satu dari bulan Jumada al-Ula
tahun 725 H.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dari sumber-sumber sejarah menerangkan bahwa
pada hari Rabu tanggal 9 Sya’ban tahun 806 H ruh al-Hafizh al-‘Iraqi
meninggalkan jasadnya (beliau wafat), setelah beliau keluar dari kamar mandi.
Beliau wafat pada umur 81 tahun, jenazah beliau masyhur dan beliau dishalati
oleh Syaikh Syihabuddin adz-Dzahabi, dan beliau dimakamkan di luar kota Kairo.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<br></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Perjalanan Hidup </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">al-Iraqi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">dalam Menuntut Ilmu </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Zainuddin (al-‘Iraqi)
telah hafal al-Qur’an, kitab at-Tanbih dan al-Hawi (kitab fiqh madzhab Syafi’i
karangan Imam al-Mawardi) ketika umur beliau depan tahun. Lalu beliau
menyibukkan diri memulai menuntut ilmu dalam ilmu qira’at (ilmu tentang
riwayat-riwayat bacaan al-Qur’an). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Hafiz al-Iraqi pada
awal menuntut ilmu, memulainya dengan mendalami ilmu bahasanya khusunya pada
struktur (nahwu sharaf) bahasa Arab, kemudian beliau melanjutkan dengan mendengarkan
riwayat hadits dari ‘Abdurrahim bin Syahid al-Jaisy dan Ibnu ‘Abdil Hadi. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Beliau membaca
hadits di hadapan Syaikh Syihabudiin bin al-Baba. Kemudian mengalihkan
semangatnya untuk belajar ilmu takhrij, dan beliau sangat tekun dalam mempelajari
tentang <i>takhrij al ahadits</i>. Saat umur beliau dua puluh tahun, beliau
melakukan rihlah (pengembaraan) untuk menuntut ilmu ke sebagian besar kota di
negeri Syam. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Beliau mengajar di banyak Madrasah (sekolah) di
negeri Mesir dan Kairo, seperti: Darul Hadits, al-Kamilah, azh-Zhairiyyah
al-Qadimah, al-Qaransiqriyah, Jami’ Ibnu Thulun, dan al-Fadhilah. Beliau juga
pernah tinggal di dekat al-Haramain dalam beberapa waktu, sebagaimana beliau
pernah menjabat sebagai hakim di Madinah an-Nabawiyah, berkhutbah dan menjadi
Imam di sana.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
</div><a href="http://sanadthkhusus.blogspot.com/2012/05/al-iraqi-dan-pemikirannya.html#more">SELENGKAPNYA===>>></a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9021604123522598466.post-74394871952821713812012-05-20T01:11:00.000+08:002012-06-08T20:38:32.271+08:00METODE PENAFSIRAN AL-QUR’AN<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: center;">
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<div style="text-align: center;">
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-oShJrTZGijo/T7fTq-7XV-I/AAAAAAAAAko/HMas_gEUpfc/s1600/shadiq+shabry.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-oShJrTZGijo/T7fTq-7XV-I/AAAAAAAAAko/HMas_gEUpfc/s320/shadiq+shabry.jpg" width="229"></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: OI-Beyrut; font-size: 13pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: OI-Beyrut; font-size: 13pt;">Oleh : Muhammad Shadiq Shabry</span></div>
<br>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: OI-Beyrut; font-size: 13pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: OI-Beyrut; font-size: 13pt;">I. PENDAHULUAN</span></div>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: OI-Beyrut; font-size: 13pt;">A. Latar Belakang
Masalah.</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: OI-Beyrut; font-size: 13pt;"> </span><br>
<br>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: OI-Beyrut; font-size: 13pt;">Al-Qur'an adalah wahyu Allah
yang diyakini sebagai petunjuk bagi manusia. Keyakinan tersebut menempatkan
kitab suci ini sebagai sumber pertama dan utama ajaran Islam. Kedudukannya
sebagai kitab suci dan sumber dari agama yang telah dinyatakan sempurna
mengandung pengertian bahwa ia mampu memberikan jawaban terhadap berbagai
persoalan hidup di sepanjang masa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: OI-Beyrut; font-size: 13pt;">Dalam usaha menemukan
petunjuk-petunjuk Allah dalam al-Qur'an tersebut diperlukan usaha penafsiran.
Tafsir, sebagai usaha memahami dan menerangkan maksud dan kandungan ayat-ayat
suci al-Qur'an, telah mengalami perkembangan yang cukup bervariasi. Sebagai
hasil karya manusia, terjadinya keanekaragaman dalam penafsiran adalah hal yang
tak terhindarkan. Berbagai faktor dapat menimbulkan keragaman itu, misalnya
perbedaaan kecenderungan, motivasi
mufassir, misi yang diemban, perbedaan kedalaman dan ragam ilmu yang dikuasai,
dan perbedaan masa dan lingkungan yang mengitari. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: OI-Beyrut; font-size: 13pt;"> Usaha
penafsiran sesungguhnya telah dilakukan semenjak zaman Rasulullah saw.
Al-Qur'an juga memang telah mendorong ke arah tersebut, baik secara eksplisit
maupun secara implisit. Secara eksplisit al-Qur'an telah memerintahkan untuk
menyimak dan memahami ayat-ayatnya. Hal tersebut dapat dijumpai misalnya dalam
Q.S. al-Nisa (4) : 82, Q.S.Muhammad (47) : 24. Dan secara implisit, upaya
mencari penafsiran ayat-ayat al-Qur'an dimungkinkan oleh pernyataan al-Qur'an itu sendiri bahwa ia diturunkan
oleh Allah untuk menjadi petunjuk (QS.al-Baqarah (2) : 2, 97, 185), dan rahmat (QS.
al-A’r</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13pt;">ā</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: OI-Beyrut; font-size: 13pt;">f (7) : 51, 203) bagi manusia, baik sebagai individu maupun sebagai
kelompok masyarakat. Agar tujuan itu terwujud dengan baik, maka ayat-ayat
al-Qur'an, yang umumnya berisi konsep-konsep, prinsip-prinsip pokok yang belum
terjabar, aturan-aturan yang masih bersifat umum, dan sebagainya, perlu
dijelaskan, agar dapat dengan mudah diaplikasikan dalam kehidupan manusia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: OI-Beyrut; font-size: 13pt;">Kegiatan tersebut kemudian berlanjut
dari satu generasi ke generasi berikutnya. Adanya kesenjangan waktu yang
semakin jauh dari masa al-Qur’an diturunkan merupakan sebuah problem tafsir
yang coba hendak diatasi oleh para mufassir, sehingga mereka dapat menjelaskan
dan mengungkapkan maksud dan kandungan al-Qur’an. Sejalan dengan itu, perkembangan ilmu-ilmu keislaman dan
peradaban yang mengitarinya ternyata ikut mempengaruhi produk penafsiran mereka.
Dan seperti yang terlihat bahwa produk penafsiran mereka itu tetap saja tidak
berwajah tunggal, melainkan sangat beragam seiring dengan keragaman kecenderungan, motivasi, misi yang diemban, perbedaan
kedalaman dan ragam ilmu yang dikuasai dan perbedaan masa dan lingkungan yang
mengitari mereka. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: OI-Beyrut; font-size: 13pt;">Berbagai metode dan corak tafsir
pun bermunculan. Para pengamat tafsir lalu berusaha mengelompokkan metode dan
corak tafsir yang beragam itu berdasarkan sudut tinjauan tertentu. Lahirlah
kemudian metode tafsir, seperti metode <i>tahl</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13pt;">ī</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: OI-Beyrut; font-size: 13pt;">liy</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: OI-Beyrut; font-size: 13pt;">, <i>ijm</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13pt;">ā</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: OI-Beyrut; font-size: 13pt;">liy</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: OI-Beyrut; font-size: 13pt;">, <i>muq</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13pt;">ā</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: OI-Beyrut; font-size: 13pt;">ran</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: OI-Beyrut; font-size: 13pt;"> dan <i>mawdh</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13pt;">ū</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: OI-Beyrut; font-size: 13pt;">'iy</span></i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: OI-Beyrut; font-size: 13pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: OI-Beyrut; font-size: 13pt;">[1]</span></b></span></span></i></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: OI-Beyrut; font-size: 13pt;">. Demikian pula
dengan corak tafsir seperti corak
bahasa, filsafat, kalam, ilmiah, fiqhi , teologis, tasawuf dan sosial
kemasyarakatan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: OI-Beyrut; font-size: 13pt;"> Untuk kawasan Indonesia sejak
masuknya Islam pergumulan umat Islam Indonesia dengan al-Qur’an menjadi
demikian intens. Alasannya adalah karena
para pemeluk agama Nabi Muhammad itu amat meyakini bahwa al-Qur’an merupakan
kitab suci mereka. Awalnya kaum muslimin
belajar membaca al-Qur’an dan praktek-praktek ibadah, lalu diikuti oleh
pelajaran mengenai konsep-konsep tertentu dari al-Qur’an. Selanjutnya al-Qur’an
sebagai rujukan dalam berislam diurai maknanya lalu disebarluaskan kepada
masyarakat. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: OI-Beyrut; font-size: 13pt;"> Perkembangan tafsir di nusantara
pasca penyusunan tafsir secara lengkap oleh Abd al-Rauf al-Sinkili lewat <i>Tarjum</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13pt;">ā</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: OI-Beyrut; font-size: 13pt;">n al-Mustafid</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: OI-Beyrut; font-size: 13pt;">nya terus bergeliat.
Geliat tersebut dapat dilihat tidak saja dalam konteks kuantitas literatur
tafsir yang ditulis oleh mufassir Indonesia tetapi juga dalam konteks kualitas
mengalami perkembangan yang sangat signifikan. Secara umum semua yang mereka
lakukan itu bertujuan memberikan kemudahan bagi umat Islam untuk memahami
ajaran al-Qur’an. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: OI-Beyrut; font-size: 13pt;"> Salah satu tafsir yang lahir di
Indonesia dengan tujuan seperti di atas adalah Tafsir al-Furqan karya Ahmad Hassan
yang rampung di tulis pada tahun 1956.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: OI-Beyrut; font-size: 13pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: OI-Beyrut; font-size: 13pt;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: OI-Beyrut; font-size: 13pt;"> Bila kehadiran
tafsir ini dirunut maka Tafsir al-Furqan adalah tafsir kedua yang muncul dalam
rentangan masa abad ke 20 setelah lahirnya Tafsir Qur’an Karimnya Mahmud Yunus.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: OI-Beyrut; font-size: 13pt;"> Walaupun kesan penafsirannya secara
sederhana dan global masih kuat terlihat, tetapi tafsir ini telah menunjukkan
daya tahannya yang luar biasa. Tafsir ini sampai sekarang masih tetap digunakan
sejak peluncurannya pada tahun 1956. </span></div>
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<br></div>
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<br></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: OI-Beyrut; font-size: 13pt;">B. Rumusan Masalah.</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: OI-Beyrut; font-size: 13pt;"></span></div>
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<br></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: OI-Beyrut; font-size: 13pt;"> Berdasarkan uraian pada latar
belakang di atas, maka masalah pokok yang akan dikaji dalam makalah ini adalah
bagaimana metode penafsiran yang dikembangkan oleh Ahmad Hassan dalam Tafsir Al-Furqannya.
Masalah pokok tersebut akan dibatasi dalam sub-sub masalah sebagai berikut agar
kajian dapat terarah dan sistematis, yaitu :</span></div>
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<br></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: OI-Beyrut; font-size: 13pt;">1.
Bagaimana latar belakang penyusunan tafsir Al-Furqan?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: OI-Beyrut; font-size: 13pt;">2.
Bagaimana sistimatika penyusunan tafsir Al-Furqan?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: OI-Beyrut; font-size: 13pt;">3.
Bagaimana metode dan corak tafsir Al-Furqan?</span></div>
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<br></div>
</div><a href="http://sanadthkhusus.blogspot.com/2012/05/studi-atas-tafsir-al-furqan-karya-ahmad.html#more">SELENGKAPNYA===>>></a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9021604123522598466.post-79940225138080374212012-02-24T15:45:00.002+08:002012-02-24T15:46:16.158+08:00LOGO BARU SANAD TH KHUSUS MAKASSAR<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9021604123522598466.post-6817715762820314622012-02-24T15:40:00.001+08:002012-02-24T15:40:25.065+08:00ASRAMA SANAD TH KHUSUS MAKASSAR<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div style="text-align: center;">
ASRAMA SANAD TH KHUSUS KAMPUS II UIN ALAUDDIN SAMATA GOWA SULAWESI SELATAN</div>
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9021604123522598466.post-91461158044048832172012-02-01T23:57:00.000+08:002012-02-02T00:17:02.065+08:00IMAN DALAM PERSPEKTIF HADIS NABI MUHAMMAD SAW<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-aOQ5_r6VqKI/TkKz6h4d5CI/AAAAAAAAAhU/NLRCKa2bCys/s1600/images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-aOQ5_r6VqKI/TkKz6h4d5CI/AAAAAAAAAhU/NLRCKa2bCys/s320/images.jpg" width="299"></a></div>
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<br></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 24pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="SV-FI"> Oleh : Muhammad Salahuddin Al- Mauludy</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 24pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b>BAB I</b></div>
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<b>PENDAHULUAN
</b></div>
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<b><i>A.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i>Latar Belakang Masalah </i></b></div>
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Islam adalah agama yang mengajarkan kepada
pengikutnya untuk meyakini adanya Tuhan
Yang Maha Esa, yaitu Allah swt. Dalam bahasa agama Islam keyakinan di sini dinamakan <i>al-Iman</i>
(iman). Dalam Islam, iman yang dimaksud disini adalah iman kepada Allah swt.
karena pengertian iman secara umum mempunyai makna yang luas. Orang yang
mengaku sebagai muslim berarti dia memiliki konsekuensi untuk
mempertanggungjawabkan pengakuannya itu,
yaitu kewajiban untuk beriman kepada Allah swt. Iman kepada Allah swt.
merupakan pondasi yang paling penting, pertama, utama dan mendasar dalam Islam.
Karena seseorang yang mengaku sebagai seorang muslim tapi tidak beriman kepada
Allah maka pengakuannya itu sia-sia saja. Orang yang tidak beriman kepada Allah
swt. Sekalipun melakukan amal kebajikan yang sangat banyak, maka amalnya itu
sia-sia di sisi Allah swt. </div>
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Dalam
hadis-hadis nabi, sangat banyak disebutkan tentang masalah keimanan. Tetapi
sebagian besar kaum muslim tidak memahami bahkan salah memahami bagaimana
keimanan itu. Sehingga banyak kaum muslim yang mengaku beriman tetapi mereka
tidak sama sekali mengaplikasikan substansi keimanan tersebut. Ada orang yang
rajin salat, tetapi korupsinya juga rajin. Ada yang giat bersedekah, tetapi
masih suka mengambil uang negara. Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa ada yang salah
dalam pengamalan ajaran-ajaran Islam.</div>
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Makalah
ini dipaparkan untuk membantu memberikan pemahaman yang benar bagaimana keimanan itu sendiri dan bagaimana
pandangan hadis nabi tentang
hal itu. Disamping juga dapat dipergunakan sebagai bahan bacaan bagi orang yang
ingin mempelajari masalah iman. Kemudian pembahasan ini lebih difokuskan kepada hadis-hadis Nabi
saw. Dalam artian hadis-hadis yang membahas
masalah iman juga dipaparkan. </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 24pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><i>B.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i>Rumusan Masalah</i></b></div>
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Berdasarkan
latar belakang masalah yang telah diuraikan di atas, masalah pokok dalam
makalah ini adalah bagaimana perspektif hadis Nabi saw. tentang iman. Adapun
rumusan masalah tersebut dapat dibagi
dalam beberapa sub masalah sebagai berikut:</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 24pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
1.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><span dir="LTR"></span>Bagaimana pengertian iman
dalam hadis Nabi saw.?</div>
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2.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><span dir="LTR"></span>Bagaimana kandungan hadis
Nabi saw. tentang iman?</div>
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3.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><span dir="LTR"></span>Bagaimana iman menjadi hal
yang paling urgen dalam melakukan segala amal perbuatan?</div>
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<br></div>
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<br></div>
<br>
</div><a href="http://sanadthkhusus.blogspot.com/2012/02/iman-dalam-perspektif-hadis-nabi.html#more">SELENGKAPNYA===>>></a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9021604123522598466.post-46675811028621565772012-01-31T13:43:00.001+08:002012-01-31T13:43:38.938+08:00FOTO-FOTO KEGIATAN MAHASISWA SANAD TH KHUSUS MAKASSAR<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div style="text-align: center;">
Angkatan 1 dan ke 2 bersama pimpinan fakultas ushuluddin dan filsafat</div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
serah terima hasil muktamar dari kordinator stering comite kepada ketua dimisioner</div>
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9021604123522598466.post-12493591110926210902012-01-28T00:32:00.000+08:002012-02-02T00:00:11.015+08:00KAEDAH TIKRAR FI AL-QUR'AN<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>Oleh : KM. Abdul
Gaffar, S.Th.I, M.Th.I</b></div>
<br>
BAB I</div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Latar Belakang Masalah</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Al-Qur’an tidak hanya sebuah sumber
ilmu, petunjuk dan isnpirasi kebenaran yang tak pernah kering dan habis, tapi
juga disaat yang sama, al-Qur’an adalah sumber segala kebahagiaan sejati. Oleh
karena itu, semua apa yang terdapat dalam al-Qur’an selalu menyimpan makna dan
hikmah meski kadang pikiran manusia belum sampai pada hal-hal tersebut.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sebagian orang, khususnya Orientalis
mengklaim bahwa sistematika al-Qur’an sangat kacau<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>,
banyak hal yang tak perlu dan sia-sia didalamnya, mereka memberi contoh, <i>ziya>dah,
naqs</i> dan <i>tikra>r</i> atau pengulangan ayat-ayat dalam al-Qur’an. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Akan tetapi hal ini telah dibantah
oleh banyak ulama islam. tidak sedikit jawaban yang dilontarkan mengenai
masalah ini, disertai dengan bukti-bukti yang valid berangkat dari dasar bahwa
tak ada hal yang sia-sia dalam al-Qur’an.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Begitu juga dengan persoalan tikrar
atau pengulangan ayat-ayat dalam al-Qur’an. Diperoleh banyak fungsi dan hikmah
dari bentuk ini, salah satunya adalah <i>ta’ki>d</i> dan <i>tajdi>d</i>
bagi sebelumnya. Sebagai contoh, pengulangan kisah-kisah dalam al-Qur’an
mengenai nabi-nabi dan umat terdahulu. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Imam Qutaibah menjelaskan bahwa al-Qur’an
diturunkan dalam kurun waktu yang tidak singkat, tentunya keberagaman kabilah
yang ada dikomunitas arab waktu itu cukuplah banyak, sehingga jika tidak ada
pengulangan ayat, maka bisa jadi hikmah dan ibrah dari berbagai kisah tersebut
hanya terbatas pada kaum tertentu saja.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dengan kata lain, tanpa tikrar dalam al-Qur’an, kisah-kisah yang sarat hikmah
tersebut hanya akan menjadi sekedar kisah basi yang hanya bisa dikenang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Oleh karena itu, sangat penting
kiranya membahas lebih jauh mengenai <i>tikra>r fi> al-Qur’a>n</i>
berikut dengan kaidah-kaidah yang berkaitan dengannya. Maka dalam makalah kali
ini, akan coba dijelaskan lebih jauh mengenai hal tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">B.
Rumusan Masalah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dengan
latar belakang diatas, penulis merumuskan beberapa poin permasalahan, sebagai
berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bagaimana defenisi <i>al-tikra>r
fi> al-Qur’a>n</i> ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Apa saja kaidah-kaidah <i>al-tikra>r</i>
dalam al-Qur’an dan bagaimana pengaplikasiannya?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bagaimana urgensi bentuk <i>al-tikra>r</i>
dalam al-Qur’an?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 24pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
</div><a href="http://sanadthkhusus.blogspot.com/2012/01/v-behaviorurldefaultvmlo.html#more">SELENGKAPNYA===>>></a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9021604123522598466.post-15989379115396435892011-12-08T10:31:00.001+08:002011-12-08T10:33:09.846+08:00MANHAJ TAFSIR AL AZHAR<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-fNwAb9KejFs/TuAhk0J1aSI/AAAAAAAAAiQ/Q5uF7CHiznA/s1600/download.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-fNwAb9KejFs/TuAhk0J1aSI/AAAAAAAAAiQ/Q5uF7CHiznA/s1600/download.jpg"></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">OLEH : FATHULLAH MARZUKI. S.Th.I</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"><br></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">BAB I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<br></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<br></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Latar Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Kajian tentang tradisi al-Qur’an dan
tafsir di Indonesia telah dilakukan oleh beberapa Indonesianis seperti, R.
Israeli dan A.H. Johns (Islam in the Malay world: an Explotary survey with the
some refences to Quranic exegiesis, 1984), A.H. Johns (Quranic Exegiesis in the
Malay world: In search of profile, 1998). P. Riddel (Earlist Quranic Exegetical
activity in the malay speaking states, 1998).<a href="file:///E:/MANHAJ%20TAFSIR%20AL-AZHAR-FATHULLAH%20MARZUKI.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Secara singkat, aktivitas seputar
al-Qur’an di Indonesia dirintis oleh Abd Rauf Singkel, yang menyusun al-Qur’an
ke dalam bahasa Melayu, pada pertengahan abad XVII. Upaya rintisan ini kemudian
diikuti oleh Munawar Chalil (Tafsir al-Qur’an Hidayatur rahman), A.Hassan
Bandung (Al-Furqan, 1928), Mahmud Yunus (Tafsir Qur’an Indonesia, 1935), Halim
Hassan (Tafsir al-Qur’an al-Karim, 1955), Zainuddin Hamidi (Tafsir Al-Quran,
1959), Iskandar Idris (Hibarna), dan Kasim Bakry (Tafsir al-Qur’an al-Hakim,
1960), Hamka (Tafsir Al-Azhar, 1973) Tafsir al-Mishbah karya Quraish Shihab.<a href="file:///E:/MANHAJ%20TAFSIR%20AL-AZHAR-FATHULLAH%20MARZUKI.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Dalam bahasa-bahasa daerah,
upaya-upaya ini dilakukan oleh Kemajuan Islam Yogyakarta (Qur’an kejawen dan
Qur’an Sandawiyah), Bisyri Mustafa Rembang (al-Ibriz, 1960), R.Muhammad Adnan
(al-Qur’an suci basa jawi, 1969) dan Bakry Syahid (Al-Huda, 1972). Sebelumnya pada
1310 H, Kiyai Mohammed Saleh Darat Semarang menulis sebuah tafsir dalam bahasa
jawa huruf Arab. AG. Daud Ismail menulis dalam bahasa bugis Tafsire al-Qur’an
bahasa Ugi. Bahkan pada 1924, perkumpulan Mardikintoko Kauman Sala menerbitkan
terjemah al-Qur’an 30 juz basa Jawi huruf Arab Pegon. Aktivitas lainnya juga
dilakukan secara persial, seperti penerbitan terjemah dan tafsir Muhammadiyah,
Persis Bandung dan al-Ittihadul Islamiyah [KH.Sanusi Sukabumi], beberapa
penerbitan terjemah di Medan, Minangkabau dan serta kawasan lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Upaya-upaya tersebut di atas, serta
tuntutan masyarakat pecinta al-Qur’an, mengundang para cendekia untuk menulis
dan menerjemahkan berbagai karya di seputar al-Qur’an. Kepustakaan-kepustakaan
tersebut telah terisi dengan karya-karya Hasbi Ash-Shiddieqi (Sejarah dan
pengantar ilmu al-Qur’an, 1980), beberapa textbook perguruan tinggi, terjemah
karya Manna al-Qattan, serta beberapa karya penulis sendiri. Khusus dalam
wacana sejarah al-Qur’an, beberapa karya dan terjemahan telah muncul, seperti
Adanan Lubis (Tarikh al-Qur’an, 1941), Abu Bakar Aceh (Sejarah Alquran, 1986),
Mustofa (Sejarah Alquran, 1994) dan sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Salah satu karya tafsir di Indonesia
yang cukup ternama juga sebagai objek penelitian dalam makalah ini adalah
Tafsir al-Azhar Karya Prof. Dr. Hamka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Rumusan Masalah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Dari uraian latar belakang,
pemakalah merumuskan permasalahan pokok : Manhaj Hamka dalam Tafsir al-Azhar
dengan sub permasalahan yang kemudian dikaji adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Bagaimana proses lahirnya tafsir
al-Azhar?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Bagaimana Sistematika dan Pendekatan
yang digunakan Hamka?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Apa Metode dan corak tafsir
al-Azhar?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;">
</span>
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<br></div>
</div><a href="http://sanadthkhusus.blogspot.com/2011/12/manhaj-tafsir-al-azhar.html#more">SELENGKAPNYA===>>></a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9021604123522598466.post-62807298560989741712011-11-29T14:39:00.001+08:002012-10-31T10:18:17.337+08:00CONTOH DRAF<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-vWzIOP0klbs/Tckbf2yx3rI/AAAAAAAAAcE/djg9TfOO47M/s1600/al+qur%2527an.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-vWzIOP0klbs/Tckbf2yx3rI/AAAAAAAAAcE/djg9TfOO47M/s1600/al+qur%2527an.jpg"></a></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 17.85pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 200%;">WAWASAN AL-QUR'AN TENTANG ISTI'AZAH</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 17.85pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 200%;">Oleh : muhammad. S.Th.i</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 17.85pt; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 200%;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Latar
Belakang Masalah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-font-width: 110%; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Qur’an menyatakan dirinya sendiri sebagai <i>Hudan</i>
(petunjuk) bagi orang-orang yang bertaqwa<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-width: 110%; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>,
petunjuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan kabar gembira bagi
orang-orang yang beriman<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-width: 110%; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>,
petunjuk bagi umat manusia dan keterangan-keterangan mengenai petunjuk dan
sebagai <i>Furq</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Transliterasi","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-font-width: 110%;">±</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-font-width: 110%; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">n</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-font-width: 110%; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> (pembeda) antara yang hak dan yang batil<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-width: 110%; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Sealin itu, ia jiga sebagai <i>Ta</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Transliterasi","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-font-width: 110%;">©</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-font-width: 110%; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">kirah </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-font-width: 110%; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(peringatan)
bagi orang-orang yang takut kepada Tuhan dan </span><i><span style="font-family: "Transliterasi","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-font-width: 110%;">©</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-font-width: 110%; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ikir </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-font-width: 110%; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(ingatan,
sebutan) bagi semeta alam<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-width: 110%; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>,
dan beberapa nama lainnya. Nama-nama dan atribut-atribut ini secara <i>eksplisit
</i>memberikan indikasi bahwa Al-Qur’an adalah kitab suci yang berdimensi
banyak dan berwawasan luas.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-width: 110%; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-font-width: 110%; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pada dasarnya, Al-Qur’an merupakan sebuah kitab keagamaan.
Namun, pembicaran-pembicaraan serta kandungannya tidak terbatas pada bidang
keagamaan semata, tetapi meliputi berbagai aspek kehidupan manusia. Al-Qur’an
bukanlah kitab filsafat dan ilmu pengetahuan, tetapi di dalamnya dapat dijumpai
pembahasan mengenai filsafat dan ilmu pengetahuan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-width: 110%; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-font-width: 110%; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Qur’an mengandung berbagai ragam masalah, tetapi
pembicaraannya tentang suatu masalah tidak selalu tersusun secara sistimatis
seperti halnya buku ilmu pengetahuan yang dikarang oleh manusia. Di samping
itu, Al-Qur’an sangat jarang menyajikan suatu masalah secara rinci dan detail.
Pembicaraan Al-Qur’an pada umumnya bersifat global, parsial, dan seringkali
menampilkan sesuatu masalah dalam prinsip-prinsip pokok saja.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-width: 110%; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-font-width: 110%; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Qur’an adalah kitab suci yang kaya dengan berbagai
konsep dan gagasan. Salah satu di antaranya adalah pembicaraan tentang <i>Al-Isti’a</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Transliterasi","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">©</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-font-width: 110%; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ah.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-font-width: 110%; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Kata atau lafaz<i>
Al-Isti’a</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Transliterasi","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">©</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-font-width: 110%; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ah</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-font-width: 110%; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> diungkapkan
dalam Al-Qur’an sebanyak 17 (tujuh belas) kali dalam berbagai bentuknya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-width: 110%; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>.<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-font-width: 110%; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Qur’an memberikan persoalan-persoalan aqidah, syariah
dan akhlak dengan jalan meletakkan dasar-dasar prinsipil mengenai persoalan
tersebut.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-width: 110%; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
Demikian pula persoalan <i>Al-Isti’a</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Transliterasi","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">©</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-font-width: 110%; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ah</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-font-width: 110%; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> yang masuk dalam kajian hukum, aqidah dan
akhlak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt;"></span></div>
<br>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Manusia
sebagai makhluk yang diciptakan oleh Tuhan dalam bentuk yang sebaik-baiknya<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>
dengan kesempurnaan jiwa<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Namun dalam kesempurnaan tersebut, Allah juga mengilhamkan dua potensi utama
yaitu ; kefasikan dan ketakwaan<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Dari kedua potensi utama tersebut, Allah menginformasikan bahwa keberuntungan
hanya bagi mereka yang memilih jalan ketakwaan dan kerugian bagi mereka yang
memilih jalan kefasikan<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Informasi ini menunjukkan bahwa dalam kesempurnaan manusia, juga memiliki potensi
untuk jatuh kepada kefsikan dimana didalamnya setan memiliki peranan. Firaman
Allah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">A</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">%</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">7</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">?</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">¨</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">6</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">ù</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">N</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ß</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">g</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">¨</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Z</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">È</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">_</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">{</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">û</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">ü</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">H</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">d</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">&</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Ñ</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Ë</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">È</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">w</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">)</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">x</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">8</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">7</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">ã</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ã</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">N</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ß</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">g</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">÷</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">B</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">ú</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">ü</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Å</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">Á</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">n</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Ü</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ß</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">J</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">9</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Ñ</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Ì</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">È</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Terjemahnya:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">“(Iblis menjawab) : "Demi
kekuasaan Engkau Aku akan menyesatkan mereka semuanya, Kecuali hamba-hamba-Mu
yang mukhlis di antara mereka”</span></i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Yang
dimaksud dengan “mukhlis” ialah orang-orang yang telah diberi taufiq untuk
mentaati segala petunjuk dan perintah Allah swt.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a> .dalam
ayat yang lain, Allah memerintahkan untuk senantiasa berlindung kepada-Nya dari
dari godaan setan, sebagaimana firman-Nya:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<br></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">¨</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">B</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">)</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB3; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">¨</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Z</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">x</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">\</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">z</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">`</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">B</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">`</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">»</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">Ü</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">¤</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">±</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">9</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">÷</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">R</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">õ</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">G</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ó</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">ù</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">«</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">/</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">4</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">¼</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">m</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">¯</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">R</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">)</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ì</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">ì</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">J</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">í</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">O</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">æ</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Ë</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">É<span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">É</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">È</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> <span lang="AR-SA"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Terjemahnya:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">“Dan jika kamu ditimpa sesuatu
godaan syaitan Maka berlindunglah kepada Allah. Sesungguhnya Allah Maha
mendengar lagi Maha Mengetahui.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[16]</span></b></span></span></span></a></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">¼</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">m</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">¯</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">R</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">)</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">}</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">§</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">9</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">¼</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">m</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">9</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">í</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">`</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">»</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">Ü</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ù</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ß</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">n</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">?</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">ã</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">ú</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB3; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;">%</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">©</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB3; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">(</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ã</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Z</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">B</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">ä</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">4</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">n</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">?</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">ã</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ó</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">O</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">g</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">n</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">/</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">b</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">2</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">G</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Ò<span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Ò</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">È</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Terjemahnya:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">“Sesungguhnya syaitan itu tidak ada
kekuasaannya atas orang-orang yang beriman dan bertawakkal kepada Tuhannya.”</span></i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[17]</span></b></span></span></span></i></span></a><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Oleh
karena itu, untuk dapat membersihkan dan menjauhkan peranan setan yang
mengarahkan jiwa manusia yang sempurna lagi suci tersebut membutuhkan sandaran
yaitu memohon perlindungan Allah dari peranan setan yang menyesatkan yang
kemudian disebut dengan istilah <i>Al-Isti’a</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Transliterasi","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">©</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ah.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ayat-ayat
al-Qur’an tentang <i>Al-Isti’a</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Transliterasi","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">©</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ah,</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> bukan
hanya berbicara tentang perlindungan Allah dari godaan setan. Akan tetapi,
terdapat beberapa hal yang manusia meminta perlindungan kepada Allah darinya,
seperti kebodohan<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a>, buruknya
sesuatu<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a>, dan
sebagainya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rumusan dan
Batasan Masalah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-font-width: 110%; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Berdasar pada uraian latar belakang yang telah
dikemukakan, maka masalah pokok yang akan dibahas dalam kajian skripsi ini,
adalah bagaimana wawasan Al-Qur’an tentang <i>Al-Isti’a</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Transliterasi","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">©</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-font-width: 110%; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ah</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-font-width: 110%; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-font-width: 110%; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dari masalah pokok di atas, maka batasan masalah yang
menjadi obyek kajian skripsi ini adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Apa makna
dan hakikat <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">Al-Isti’a</span></i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Transliterasi","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">©</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-font-width: 110%; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ah</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-font-width: 110%; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> ?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bagaimana
jenis-jenis <i><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">Al-Isti’a</span></i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Transliterasi","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">©</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-font-width: 110%; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ah</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-font-width: 110%; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Dalam al-Qur’an ?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Apa
fungsi dan tujuan <i><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">Al-Isti’a</span></i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Transliterasi","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">©</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-font-width: 110%; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ah</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
dalam Al-Qur’an ?</span><br>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span><br>
</div></div><a href="http://sanadthkhusus.blogspot.com/2011/11/contoh-draf.html#more">SELENGKAPNYA===>>></a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9021604123522598466.post-39168410795691978102011-11-27T16:52:00.001+08:002011-11-27T17:03:12.705+08:00Metodologi Pembelajaran Perspektif Hadis Nabi Saw<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Yw64NmnTS-M/TtH70ViV-xI/AAAAAAAAAiI/sNTXvsNyPVw/s1600/zul+syariah.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Yw64NmnTS-M/TtH70ViV-xI/AAAAAAAAAiI/sNTXvsNyPVw/s200/zul+syariah.jpg" width="200"></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";">Oleh: Muhammad Zulkarnain Mubhar </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";">Pendidikan dapat ditinjau dari dua </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";">sudut pandang utama</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";">. <i>Pertama;</i>
Pendidikan dari sudut pandangan masyrakat dimana pendidikan berarti pewarisan
kebudayaan dari generasi tua kepada generasi muda yang bertujuan agar hidup
masyarakat tetap berlanjut, atau dengan kata lain agar suatu masyarakat
mempunyai nilai-nilai budaya yang senantiasa tersalurkan dari generasi ke
generasi dan senantiasa terpelihara dan tetap eksis dari zaman ke zaman. <i>Kedua</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";">;</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif";"> <span lang="IN">Pendidikan dari sudut pandang individu dimana pendidikan berarti
pengembangan potensi-potensi yang terpendam dan tersembunyi dalam diri setipa
individu sebab individu bagaikan lautan yang penuh dengan keindahan yang tidak
tampak, itu dikarenakan terpendam di dasar laut yang paling dalam.
Keindahan-keindahan yang terpendam tersebut perlu untuk ditampakkan kepermukaan
laut sehingga dapat dirasakan keberadaannya. Dalam diri setiap manusia memiliki
pelbagai bakat dan kemampuan yang
apabila dapat dipergunakan dengan baik, maka akan berubah menjadi intan dan
permata yang keindahannya dapat dinikmati oleh banyak orang dengan kata lain
bahwa setiap individu yang terdidik akan bermanfaat bagi manusia lainnya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></span></span></a></span></span><br>
</div></div><a href="http://sanadthkhusus.blogspot.com/2011/11/metodologi-pembelajaran-perspektif.html#more">SELENGKAPNYA===>>></a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9021604123522598466.post-28837628741338799782011-11-27T02:28:00.001+08:002011-11-27T17:05:30.176+08:00Tujuan Pendidikan Dalam Perspektif Hadits Nabi Saw<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-njeQNFlG-EQ/TtEy9WQqacI/AAAAAAAAAiA/xmw-YVplkyg/s1600/zul.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-njeQNFlG-EQ/TtEy9WQqacI/AAAAAAAAAiA/xmw-YVplkyg/s200/zul.jpg" width="200"></a></div>
</div>
<br>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Oleh: Muhammad Zulkarnain
Mubhar</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"> A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendahuluan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendidikan dapat ditinjau dari dua segi.
<i>Pertama</i> pendidikan dari sudut pandangan masyrakat dimana pendidikan
berarti pewarisan kebudayaan dari generasi tua kepada generasi muda yang
bertujuan agar hidup masyarakat tetap berlanjut, atau dengan kata lain agar
suatu masyarakat mempunyai nilai-nilai budaya yang senantiasa tersalurkan dari
generasi ke generasi dan senantiasa terpelihara dan tetap eksis dari zaman ke
zaman. <i>Kedua</i> pendidikan dari sudut pandang individu dimana pendidikan
berarti pengembangan potensi-potensi yang terpendam dan tersembunyi dalam diri
setipa individu sebab individu bagaikan lautan yang penuh dengan keindahan yang
tidak tampak, itu dikarenakan terpendam di dasar laut yang paling dalam.
Keindahan-keindahan yang terpendam tersebut perlu untuk ditampakkan kepermukaan
laut sehingga dapat dirasakan keberadaannya. Dalam diri setiap manusia memiliki
pelbagai bakat dan kemampuan yang
apabila dapat dipergunakan dengan baik, maka akan berubah menjadi intan dan
permata yang keindahannya dapat dinikmati oleh banyak orang dengan kata lain
bahwa setiap individu yang terdidik akan bermanfaat bagi manusia lainnya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 13pt;">[1]</span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari kedua sudut pandang pendidikan di
atas kemudian datanglah Islam yang secara komprehensif memadukan kedua sisi
bentuk pendidikan yang berlandasakn al-Qur'an dan as-Sunnah, dimana Islam
mendidik individu menjadi manusia yang beriman, berakhlak yang mulia dan
beradab yang kemudian melahirkan masyarakat yang bermartabat, teori ini
didasarkan pada firman Allah</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">:</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-_STbVR0ll-s/TtExYggdbFI/AAAAAAAAAh4/2QYJDind1oE/s1600/Foto107.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 13pt;">وَمَا كَانَ الْمُؤْمِنُونَ لِيَنْفِرُوا كَافَّةً فَلَوْلَا نَفَرَ مِنْ كُلِّ فِرْقَةٍ مِنْهُمْ طَائِفَةٌ لِيَتَفَقَّهُوا فِي الدِّينِ وَلِيُنْذِرُوا قَوْمَهُمْ إِذَا رَجَعُوا إِلَيْهِمْ لَعَلَّهُمْ يَحْذَرُونَ </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt;">Terjemahnnya</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13pt;">: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13pt;">Tidak
sepatutnya bagi mukminin itu pergi semuanya (ke medan perang). Mengapa tidak
pergi dari tiap-tiap golongan di antara mereka beberapa orang untuk memperdalam
pengetahuan mereka tentang agama dan untuk memberi peringatan kepada kaumnya
apabila mereka Telah kembali kepadanya, supaya mereka itu dapat menjaga
dirinya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 13pt;">[2]</span></span></span></a></span><br>
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 13pt;"></span></span></span></span><br>
</div></div><a href="http://sanadthkhusus.blogspot.com/2011/11/tujuan-pendidikan-dalam-perspektif.html#more">SELENGKAPNYA===>>></a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1Jalan Opak, Surabaya, Indonesia-7.289166 112.734398-8.2973995 111.47097049999999 -6.2809325 113.9978255tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9021604123522598466.post-30055748136564125022011-11-27T02:21:00.001+08:002011-11-27T02:23:01.311+08:00AS SUNNAH DAN PARA PENENTANGNYA<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1fcnOYWFgjY/TbstJGIHx3I/AAAAAAAAAQs/u7fPE1qqKHQ/s1600/zul.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1fcnOYWFgjY/TbstJGIHx3I/AAAAAAAAAQs/u7fPE1qqKHQ/s1600/zul.jpg"></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
OLEH : Dzulkarnain Mubhar </div>
<br>
<strong>[A]. AS-SUNNAH DAN PARA PENENTANGNYA DI MASA LALU</strong><br>
<strong> </strong><br>
<strong> </strong><br>
Dalil-dalil
yang telah dikemukakan dari Al-Qur’an, As-Sunnah, dan Ijma' sangatlah
jelas bahwa tidak boleh bagi siapa pun menolak Sunnah Nabi Shallallahu
'alaihi wa sallam dengan alasan hanya berpegang kepada Al-Qur’an saja.
Karena satu hal yang mustahil bagi orang yang berkata bahwa ia kembali
kembali kepada Al-Qur’an dan As-Sunnah, tetapi ia sendiri menolak
dalil-dalil As-Sunnah dengan alasan tidak cocok dengan akal atau yang
lainnya. Adapun sebagian mereka yang menolak As-Sunnah karena memang
belum jelas baginya kedudukan As-Sunnah dalam syari’at, atau karena
kebodohannya, maka kepada orang seperti ini harus diberikan pemahaman
melalui proses wajib belajar. Sedangkan bagi mereka yang menolaknya
dengan sengaja dan terang-terangan mengingkari hujjah-hujjah As-Sunnah
padahal ia mengetahui wajibnya berpegang kepada As-Sunnah, maka orang
ini adalah kafir.[1]<br>
<br>
</div><a href="http://sanadthkhusus.blogspot.com/2011/11/as-sunnah-dan-para-penentangnya.html#more">SELENGKAPNYA===>>></a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9021604123522598466.post-73141301205014082872011-11-10T23:03:00.001+08:002011-11-10T23:09:03.037+08:00KAEDAH USHUL FIQHI dalam PENAFSIRAN AL QUR'AN<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-A1SCcJB2OzU/TdAmxL94_0I/AAAAAAAAAdI/PgSaqR_EWxU/s1600/tafsir.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-A1SCcJB2OzU/TdAmxL94_0I/AAAAAAAAAdI/PgSaqR_EWxU/s1600/tafsir.jpeg"></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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BAB I</div>
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PENDAHULUAN</div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><b><i>Latar
Belakang Masalah</i></b></li>
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<br></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Qur’an al-karim adalah kitab samawi yang
paling terakhir diturunkan dan berfungsi sebagai petunjuk bukan hanya terhadap
anggota masyarakat Arab akan tetapi juga bagi seluruh umat manusia hingga akhir
zaman nanti. Al-Qur’an memuat seluruh aspek kehidupan manusia, baik aspek
vertikal maupun horizontal bahkan hubungan dengan alam semestapun tertera dalam
al-Qur’an.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Prinsip, doktrin dan ajaran-ajaran yang
disampaikan oleh al-Qur’an sangat global dan memungkinkan setiap generasi
memberikan interpretasi yang berbeda dengan para cendikiawan sebelumnya karena
al-Qur’an menggunakan bahasa yang sangat tinggi sastranya dan mengandung
berbagai rahasia yang tidak mungkin ditangkap secara sama oleh semua kalangan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Sebagai pembawa kalam ilahi, Rasulullah adalah
orang pertama yang menjadi tumpuan untuk menjelaskan dan menafsirkan kalimat
atau ayat al-Qur’an yang kurang jelas atau masih berlaku umum, sebab Nabi adalah
penerima dan penyampai wahyu sebagaimana dalam QS. <i>al-Nah}l</i>: 64. </span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 17.0pt;">وَمَا أَنزلْنَا
عَلَيْكَ الْكِتَابَ إِلا لِتُبَيِّنَ لَهُمُ الَّذِي اخْتَلَفُوا فِيهِ وَهُدًى
وَرَحْمَةً لِقَوْمٍ يُؤْمِنُونَ </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Artinya:“Dan
kami tidak menurunkan kepadamu al-Kitab (al-Qur’an) ini, melainkan agar kamu
dapat menjelaskan kepada mereka apa yang mereka perselisihkan itu dan menjadi
petunjuk dan rahmat bagi kaum yang beriman.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Sahabat sebagai sasaran pertama al-Qur’an,
jika tidak paham makna dan maksudnya akan segera bertanya kepada Rasulullah dan
direspon langsung oleh Rasulullah saw., namun Rasulullah tidak menafsirkannya
mengikuti alur fikirannya sendiri akan tetapi menurut wahyu ilahi. Penjelasan
dan penafsiran Rasulullah hanyalah pelantara saja, sedang hakikatnya, Allahlah
sebagai penafsir pertama.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> Dalam QS. <i>al-Najm</i> ayat 2-3, Allah
swt. berfirman: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<br></div>
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</div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 17.0pt;">وَمَا يَنْطِقُ عَنِ الْهَوَى. إِنْ هُوَ إِلا
وَحْيٌ يُوحَى</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 17.0pt;"></span></div>
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<br></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Artinya: “Dan
tiadalah yang diucapkannya itu (al-Quran) menurut kemauan hawa nafsunya.
Ucapannya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>itu tiada lain hanyalah wahyu
yang diwahyukan (kepadanya).”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Untuk mengetahui sejauh mana penafsiran Nabi
dan sahabat, maka perlu adanya penelusuran sejarah tentang berbagai upaya ulama
dalam mengembangkan kaidah-kaidah penafsiran dengan tujuan mengetahui prosedur
kerja para ulama tafsir dalam menafsirkan al-Qur’an sehingga penafsiran tersebut
dapat digunakan secara fungsional oleh masyarakat Islam dalam menghadapi
berbagai persoalan kehidupan. </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Kaidah-kaidah ini kemudian dapat digunakan
sebagai referensi bagi pemikir Islam kontemporer untuk mengembangkan kaidah
penafsiran yang sesuai dengan perkembangan zaman. Namun kaidah penafsiran tersebut
tidak berperan sebagai alat justifikasi benar-salah terhadap suatu penafsiran,
akan tetapi kaidah tersebut lebih berfungsi sebagai pengawal metodologis agar
tafsir yang dihasilkan bersifat obyektif dan ilmiah serta dapat
dipertanggungjawabkan, sebab produk tafsir pada dasarnya adalah produk
pemikiran manusia yang dibatasi oleh ruang dan waktu.</span></div>
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Qawaidul Ushuliyah (kaidah-kaidah Ushul) adalah suatu
kebutuhan bagi kita semua, calon mujtahid yang akan meneruskan perjuangan
pendahulu-pendahulu kita dalam membela dan menegakkan islam dimanapun berada.
Banyak dari kita yang kurang mengerti bahkan ada yang belum mengerti sama
sekali apa itu Qawaidul ushuliyah. Maka dari itu, kami selaku penyusun mencoba
untuk menerangkan tentang kaidah-kaidah ushul, mulai dari pengertian,
perkembangan, sumber-sumbernya, dan beberapa urgensi dari kaidah-kaidah ushul.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><b><i> </i></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><b><i>Rumusan
Masalah</i></b></li>
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Melihat latar belakang diatas maka penulis membatasi makalah
ini dengan hanya membahas beberapa rumusan masalah yang dianggap penting oleh
penulis, diantaranya :</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Mengerti dan memahami
pengertian kaidah ushul.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 52pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Menyebutkan sumber-sumber
pengambilan kaidah-kaidah ushul.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 52pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Mengetahui faedah serta
kedudukan kaidah-kaidah ushul.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 52pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Mengetahui buku-buku yang
di karang ulama tentang kaidah-kaidah ushul.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br></div>
</div><a href="http://sanadthkhusus.blogspot.com/2011/11/kaedah-ushul-fiqhi-dalam-penafsiran-al.html#more">SELENGKAPNYA===>>></a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9021604123522598466.post-57441544484675583732011-11-09T00:51:00.000+08:002011-11-09T00:51:28.684+08:00KAEDAH KEADILAN PERAWI HADIS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Latar belakang </span></i></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hadis sebagai sumber ajaran Islam yang kedua
setelah al-qur’an,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>diakui
oleh hampir oleh seluruh umat Islam,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
hanya kelompok kecil umat Islam yang menolak hadits sebagai sumber ajran Islam
yang dikenal dengan ingkar al-Sunnah<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tidak diragukan lagi bahwa sunnah Rasulullah
saw menempati posisi yang tinggi dalam agama Islam, oleh karena selain sunnah
merupakan sumber penetapan hukum yang kedua setelah al-Qur’an, sunnah juga
merupakan sumber pengetahuan baik keagamaan atau <i>ma’rifah diniyah</i>, yaitu
hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan alam ghaib yang sumber satu-satunya adalah wahyu,
seperti yang berkaitan dengan Allah, malaikat, kitab-kitab Allah, rasul-rasul
Allah, surga dan neraka, hari kiamat dan tanda-tandanya, kejadian-kejadian di
akhir zaman, ataupun pengetahuan yang berkaitan dengan aspek kemanusiaan atau <i>jawanib
insaniyah</i> seperti yang berkaitan dengan pendidikan, kesehatan, dan
perekonomian. Selain<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>itu sunnah juga
merupakan sumber peradaban baik dalam tataran konsep peradaban <i>fikhu
hadhary,</i> perilaku peradaban <i>suluk hadhary</i> ataupun pembentukan
peradaban<i> bina’ hadhary. <a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></b></span></span></span></a>
</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam study hadis persoalan sanad dan matan terkhusus
kepada sanad merupakan unsure penting yang menentukan keberadaan dan kualitas
suatu hadis sebagai sumber otoritas ajaran Nabi Muhammad SAW, unsur itu sangat
penting artinya dan antara ygn satu dengan yang lainnya salin berkaitan.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Oleh karena posisi sunnah yang begitu urgen
dalam agama, maka perhatian para ulama terhadap sunnah sejak masa sahabat
sampai sekarang terus terjaga, baik dalam bentuuk pemeliharaan sunnah dengan
periwayatan kepada orang lain melalui hapalan atau tulisan dalam bentuk kajian-kaian
yang mendalam terhadap metodologi penerimaan dan penyampaian suunah, penilaian
terhadap periwayat hadist dan penyeleksian sunnah dari segi bisa tidaknya
penyandaran suatu ucapan, pebuatan, ataupun ketetapan terhadap nabi
dipertanggungjawabkan keabsahannya. Untuk tujuan pertama kemudian melahirkan
ilmu hadist riwayat, sementara untuk tujuan yang kedua melahirkan ilmu hadist
dirayah.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=9021604123522598466#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rumusan
Masalah</span></i></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Berdasarkan penjelasan diatas
maka penulis mengambil beberapa rumusan masalah diantaranya :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Apa pengertian keadilan dalam
periwayatan hadis?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Peringkat keadilan perawi?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Apa kaedah keadilan periwayat
dalam hadis?</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">
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</div><a href="http://sanadthkhusus.blogspot.com/2011/11/kaedah-keadilan-perawi-hadis.html#more">SELENGKAPNYA===>>></a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0